高能炸药摩擦感度的数值模拟

林文洲; 洪滔

doi:10.11883/1001-1455(2016)06-0745-07

摘要: 为了研究炸药摩擦安全性，利用熔化摩擦模型对几种高能炸药的摩擦感度进行了数值模拟，结果符合实验，并根据热分解反应速率分析了感度规律。由于炸药熔点一般低于点火温度，所以基于一个考虑熔化现象的炸药摩擦模型，在炸药感度实验条件下进行了一维数值模拟，给出了炸药熔化结果和摩擦点火的时间：4种摩擦感度较弱的炸药包括DATB、NQ、TATB和TNT的点火时间的顺序即感度顺序符合实验结果，说明摩擦点火模型适应性。进一步结合炸药热分解反应速率的大小顺序，数值模拟证明，在一定摩擦强度下，点火顺序会发生交换，说明摩擦感度实验不能完全说明炸药摩擦感度强弱顺序。

关键词:

Abstract: In order to study the explosive friction safety, a numerical simulation of high explosive friction sensitivity experiment was performed based on a melting friction model. The numerical results agree with the experiment results. The law of friction sensitivity was then analyzed based on the thermal decomposition rate. As the melting temperature is usually lower than the ignition temperature, a one-dimension numerical simulation of sensitivity experiment was conducted using a model that took account of melting, and the ignition times and melting results were obtained. The order of four explosives' ignition time including DATB, NQ, TATB and TNT meet agree with the experiment results, proving the applicability of the model. Furthermore, based on the order of the thermal decomposition rate, the numerical results have proved that, when the friction strength reaches certain degrees, the order of ignition time will change, which means that the sensitivity experiment cannot fully describe the order of the explosive sensitivity.

Key words:

图 1 炸药与材料摩擦示意图

Figure 1. Illustration of frictionbetween explosive and material

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图 2 炸药摩擦感度实验简图

Figure 2. Illustration of explosivefriction sensitivity experiment

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图 3 炸药摩擦界面的温度

Figure 3. Explosive's temperatures on friction interfaces

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图 4 炸药中的温度分布

Figure 4. Explosive's temperature distribution

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图 5 高能炸药的热分解速率

Figure 5. Explosive's rate of thermal decomposition

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图 6 3种炸药的点火时间、点火温度和熔化区厚度

Figure 6. Ignition time, temperature and molten zone thickness for three explosives

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表 1 单质炸药的摩擦感度^[10]

Table 1. Friction sensitivity of simple explosive

炸药	η/%	炸药	η/%
HMX	92~100	TNT	4~6
PETN	92, 100	TATB	0~4
RDX	76±8	DATB	0~4
Tetryl	12	NQ	0

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表 2 材料参数^{[10, 13]}

Table 2. Material parameters

材料	ρ/(kg·m^-3)	c/(J·kg^-1·K^-1)	k/(J·m^-1·s^-1·K^-1)	k_m/(J·m^-1·s^-1·K^-1)	Q/(MJ·kg^-1)	E_a/(kJ·mol^-1)	Z/s^-1	L/(kJ·kg^-1)	T_m/K
TNT	1 654	1 062.76	0.260 3	0.266 20	1.26	144	2.51×10¹¹	521	353.9
DATB	1 834	1 092.05	0.259 0	0.259 70	1.26	194	1.17×10¹⁵	344	559.0
TATB	1 930	899.58	0.543 9	0.182 34	2.51	251	3.18×10¹⁹	652	721.0
NQ	1 690	1 125.52	0.410 0	0.626 40	2.09	87.4	2.87×10⁷	402	518.0
Fe	7 840	465	49.8	－	－	－	－	－	－

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表 3 3种炸药的点火时间、点火温度和熔化区厚度

Table 3. Ignition time, temperature and molten zone thickness for three explosives

炸药	p/MPa	t_i/s	T_i/K	h_m/μm
TATB	400	0.52×10^-3	860	1.03
	40	0.026	770	3.48
	4	0.65	690	0
	0.4	28	640	0
DATB	400	0.74×10^-3	940	5.71
	40	0.075	790	4. 11
	4	4.4	690	203.5
	0.4	206	620	712. 1
NQ	400	2.6	1 300	22.71
	40	0.095	800	85. 87
	4	2.7	640	242. 4
	0.4	19	540	3 517.3

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