影响大黄鱼的水中声指标

周在明; 杨燕明; 牛富强; 黄跃坤

doi:10.11883/1001-1455(2017)04-0734-07

影响大黄鱼的水中声指标

doi: 10.11883/1001-1455(2017)04-0734-07

国家海洋局第三海洋研究所海洋声学与遥感实验室, 福建厦门 361005

基金项目:

国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项项目 2013020

国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项项目 2012022

详细信息

作者简介:
周在明(1980—)，男，博士，助理研究员, zhouzaiming@tio.org.cn

中图分类号: O383
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2015-09-17
- 修回日期: 2016-01-05
- 刊出日期: 2017-07-25

Index of underwater acoustic waves impacting on large yellow croakers

Ocean Acoustics and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China

摘要

摘要: 为了明确有效地评价声波对大黄鱼影响的指标，以水下爆破和滨海山体爆破两种作业方式产生的水中声波数据为基础，进行声波信号的声压峰值和声暴露级分析，并结合现场大黄鱼的行为响应进行研究。结果表明：水下爆破产生的水中声波瞬态声压幅值较高，能量在瞬间累积到最大值并影响大黄鱼的行为和安全；而滨海山体爆破水中声波的声压幅值小，声暴露时间长，能量的连续累积造成了大黄鱼行为的改变。由于两种爆破方式作用下的水中声波在不同的声暴露时间内的声暴露级较接近，且超过150 dB会造成大黄鱼的行为异常，因此认为声暴露级是评价水中声波对大黄鱼影响的一个重要指标。
- 工程爆破 /
- 水中声波 /
- 大黄鱼 /
- 声暴露级 /
- 指标
Abstract: The assessment of the behavior of large yellow croakers (Pseudosciaena crocea) in response to underwater acoustic waves entails clear and exact indices of assessment. In this work we collected data of underwater acoustic waves of coastal mountain blasting and underwater explosion using two types of acoustic instruments (Pulse 3560 and DSG) monitored at the sea stations, recorded large yellow croakers′ behavioral characteristics, and carried out the index study of two signal parameters, peak pressure and sound exposure level, in combination with comparative analysis of the croakers′ in situ behaviors. The results showed that, when the pressure amplitudes of the acoustic waves resulting from underwater explosion and mountain blasting were high, the momentary maximal sound energy would reach a momentary maximum value, affecting the croakers′ behavior and safety. On the other hand, when the pressure amplitudes were lower but the time of exposure to the acoustic waves were long, the continual accumulation of sound energy would also affect the large yellow croakers′ behavior. As a result, the levels of the exposure to the two blasting sound waves in different exposure times were very much consistent, and the croakers′ abnormal behaviors were observed at sound exposure levels higher than 150 dB. So, an important conclusion was derived, combined with large yellow croakers′ behavior and related academic research, that sound exposure level can be taken as an important factor, which was the total energy received over the sound exposure time, and should be used to assess the influence of the underwater acoustic waves on the large yellow croaker in underwater explosion and coastal mountain blasting.
- engineering blasting /
- underwater acoustic waves /
- large yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena crocea) /
- sound exposure level /
- index

HTML全文

人体内肺、脑等组织和器官中含有较多空腔与气、液，是爆炸冲击波重要的致伤靶器官，可导致肺损伤和创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury，TBI)。典型的爆炸冲击波作用时间为2～10 ms，超压峰值在10~500 kPa之间，波的频率分布范围为10～1000 Hz，其特点是频段宽、作用时间短，压力骤然升高，可造成周围材料的剧烈破坏。爆炸冲击波具有无孔不入的特点，即使穿戴头盔，也会因头盔不能有效抵御、减缓冲击波，盔内出现冲击波反射叠加，而导致士兵受到颅脑爆炸伤的威胁。

颅脑爆震伤已成为“现代战争的标签损伤”。根据美国TBI中心（TBICoE）的最新报告，从2000年到2020年，有超过43万的美国军人被诊断为颅脑爆震伤，它是造成士兵死亡的重要原因之一。针对退伍军人的流行病学研究显示，颅脑爆震伤是导致创伤后应激障碍（post-traumatic stress disorders，PTSD）发生的主要原因，显著影响幸存者的认知行为和身心健康，而其带来的药物滥用、暴力伤人、焦虑、失忆、暴躁、抑郁、帕金森、自杀等社会问题，已经引起全球范围的广泛关注。此外，国内发生的重大爆炸事故也导致幸存者和消防人员患有PTSD等典型的颅脑爆震伤后遗症，严重威胁了民众的生命健康安全。因此，研究颅脑爆震伤在军事和民事领域都具有重要意义。

理论与实验研究表明：对中、重度超压冲击波生物致伤以防为主。目前，对肺部爆炸冲击伤机理和伤情评估研究得比较充分，从肺部出血点的面积建立定量的评分标准。然而，颅脑爆震伤是涉及跨空间和时间尺度的复杂科学问题：从空间尺度，涉及到爆炸场景的米量级、头部和大脑的厘米量级、神经细胞的微米量级和蛋白质分子等生物标记物的纳米量级；从时间尺度，涉及到爆炸波产生的微秒量级和脑生物力学响应的毫秒量级，以及神经元继发性损伤和修复的分钟/小时/日/周量级。同时，颅脑爆震伤还涉及脑细胞、轴突、轴索组织的极软材料损伤断裂行为，以及多层级颅骨衰减和耗散冲击波的力学性能等。研究问题的瓶颈是冲击波-装备-人体作用规律复杂，缺少有效的评估方法和测试技术；超压峰值低，现有防弹材料的耗能机制难以发挥作用；均质材料的装备难以有效衰减和耗散宽波长冲击波能量。因此，亟需开展冲击动力学、军事医学和装备防护学的多学科交叉研究，解决爆炸冲击波颅脑致伤机制与防护的关键科学技术问题。

本期专刊共刊载3篇综述和11篇研究论文，内容涉及冲击动力学理论和数值仿真模型、外场实爆动物致伤试验、激波管模拟爆炸动物致伤试验、模拟假人爆炸试验、防护装备验证试验、军事医学的相关生物试验、病理学和行为学研究，以及临床诊治方案等，汇集了近5年国内爆炸冲击伤的部分研究成果。

清华大学庄茁教授　空军军医大学费舟教授

图 1 工程试验区域示意图

Figure 1. Diagram of engineering experimental regions

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图 2 工程爆破水中波形图

Figure 2. Explosion acoustic waveforms

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图 3 工程爆破水中声波峰值波形

Figure 3. Peak shape of acoustic waveforms

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图 4 滨海山体爆破监测点大黄鱼的行为反应

Figure 4. Behavior response of large yellow croakers to coastal mountain blasting

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图 5 累积声暴露级变化曲线

Figure 5. Cumulative variation of sound exposure level

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图 6 滨海山体爆破和水下爆破监测点大黄鱼的行为反应

Figure 6. Behavior response of large yellow croakers to coastal mountain blasting and underwater explosion

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表 1 工程爆破水中声波信号声暴露级统计

Table 1. Sound exposure level statistics of engineering balsting

信号来源	样本/个	δ_{30 dB} /s	δ_{60 dB} /s	L_se/(dB re 1 μPa²·s)
水下爆破	8	0.003±0.001	0.010±0.002	168.56±2.36
滨海山体爆破	22	0.036±0.012	1.322±0.034	161.33±2.06

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