Gasoline vapor leakage and explosion law of an oil tank adjacent to fire
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摘要: 油库发生火灾时，临近的油罐内汽油受热形成油蒸汽从呼吸阀泄出，泄漏的油蒸汽与空气混合易点燃，易引起燃烧爆炸事故。本文中以容积为5 000 m3(
∅ 22 m×13 m)的汽油罐泄漏油蒸汽为研究对象，以数值模拟为研究方法，研究了汽油蒸汽泄漏及爆炸规律。研究发现：在距地面高1 m的平面上，当无风且呼吸阀泄漏油蒸汽速率为0.25 m/s时，距该罐中心50 m以外就可视作安全区域；当呼吸阀泄漏的油蒸汽速率为0.25 m/s时，风速达到5.0 m/s及以上，不易积聚成爆炸油蒸汽；当无风时，呼吸阀泄漏油蒸汽的速率增大1个量级，油蒸汽积聚达到爆炸下限1/2所需时间缩短2个量级；当风速为3.0 m/s、呼吸阀泄漏油蒸汽速率为0.25 m/s、泄漏时间为200 s、着火点距罐壁1 m时，距点火源距离增大1个量级，超压峰值下降1～2个量级。Abstract: When the oil depot is in fire, a large amount of gasoline vapor is formed by the heat absorption of oil in an adjacent gasoline tank with a fixed top. The gasoline vapor is ignited after mixing with air, which is likely to cause combustion and explosion accidents. In this paper, the gasoline vapor leaked from a tank of 5 000 m3 (∅ 22 m×13 m) is taken as the research object, the law of gas vapor leakage and explosion is researched by numerical simulation. It is found that the area beyond 50 m away from the tank center is safe at 1 m above the ground if there is no wind and the gasoline vapor leakage velocity is 0.25 m/s. It is not easy to accumulate into the flammable gasoline vapor as the gasoline vapor leakage velocity from the breathing valve is 0.25 m/s, and the wind speed reaches 5.0 m/s and above. As there is no wind and the gasoline vapor leakage velocity from the breathing valve is increased by 1 order of magnitude, the time to half of the lower flammability limit is reduced by 2 orders of magnitude. When the wind speed is 3.0 m/s, the gasoline vapor leaking velocity is 0.25 m/s, and the leakage time is 200 s, the peak overpressure is reduced by 1−2 orders of magnitude if the distance to the ignition source is increased by 1 order of magnitude.-
Key words:
- gasoline vapor /
- leakage /
- explosion /
- fire /
- oil depot
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图 1 水平向不同距离的体积分数数值模拟与实验结果对比(泄漏流量为10 L/min)
Figure 1. Volume fraction comparisons between the calculating results and the experimental values at different locations with different distances from the horizontal direction to the tank center (leakage flow is 10 L/min)
图 3 水平方向不同位置泄漏的油蒸汽体积分数-时间曲线(监测点距地面高1 m)
Figure 3. Volume fraction-time curves of leaked gasoline vapor at the different monitoring points with different distances from the horizontal direction to the the tank center and 1 m above the ground
图 4 风速对泄漏油蒸汽体积分数分布的影响(监测点S3沿水平方向距罐中心20 m，距地面高1 m)
Figure 4. Volume fraction-time curves of leaked gasoline vapor at different wind speeds (the monitoring point S3 is 20 m from the horizontal direction to the tank center, 1 m above the ground)
图 5 不同泄漏速率条件下油蒸汽体积分数-时间曲线(监测点S3沿水平方向距罐中心20 m，距地面高1 m)
Figure 5. Volume fraction-time curves of gasoline vapor at different leakage speeds (the monitoring point S3 is 20 m from the horizontal direction to the tank center, 1 m above the ground)
图 6 水平方向不同位置油蒸汽爆炸超压-时间和温度-时间曲线(监测点距地面高1 m)
Figure 6. Gasoline vapor explosion overpressure-time and temperature-time curves at the different monitoring points with the different distances from the horizontal direction to the tank center (the monitoring points are 1 m above the ground)
图 7 不同水平位置点火时爆炸压力-时间和温度-时间曲线(监测点沿水平方向距罐中心15 m，距地面高1 m)
Figure 7. Explosion overpressure-time and temperature-time curves with different ignition locations along the horizontal direction (the monitoring point is 15 m from the horizontal direction to the tank center, 1 m above the ground)
图 8 不同高度点火时爆炸压力-时间和温度-时间曲线(监测点S2沿水平方向距罐中心15 m，距地面高1 m)
Figure 8. Explosion overpressure-time and temperature-time curves with different ignition locations along the vertical direction (the monitoring point S2 is 15 m from the horizontal direction to the tank center, 1 m above the ground)
图 9 泄漏的油蒸汽体积分数达到爆炸下限1/2的时间随扩散距离的变化(监测点距地面高1 m)
Figure 9. Variation of the time to reach 1/2 of the lower flammable limit with the diffusion distance to the tank center in the horizontal direction (the monitoring point is 1 m above the ground)
图 10 压力波传播距离对超压峰值的影响(距地面高1 m)
Figure 10. Influence of distance from the ignition point on peak overpressure (1 m above the ground)
表 1 不同超压作用条件下的人员伤害和建筑破坏作用
Table 1. Personnel injury and building destruction under different overpressure conditions
Δp/kPa 伤害情况 破坏作用 5～6 无伤害 门、窗玻璃部分破碎 6～15 无伤害 压面的门窗玻璃大部分破碎 15～19.6 无伤害 窗框损坏 19.6～29.4 人体受到轻微损伤 墙裂缝 
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