Ballistic test and numerical simulation on penetration of a boron-carbide-ceramic composite target by a bullet
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摘要: 碳化硼陶瓷具有高硬度、低密度的特性，在装甲防护领域有广泛的应用前景，碳化硼陶瓷及其复合靶的冲击破坏特性是装甲防护领域近期的焦点问题之一。本文中基于剩余穿深方法，开展了碳化硼及复合靶抗12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹侵彻的试验研究。建立了碳化硼陶瓷复合靶抗弹数值模拟模型，根据试验研究结果验证数值模拟方法的可靠性。在此基础上，开展了12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹侵彻碳化硼陶瓷复合靶的数值模拟研究，重点研究了靶板配置、背板厚度及种类对复合靶抗弹性能的影响。结果表明：靶板面密度相同的情况下，随着陶瓷厚度的增大，陶瓷复合靶的抗弹性能提高；陶瓷厚度相同时，陶瓷复合靶抗弹性能提升的效率随其面密度的增大而下降。陶瓷/PE (polyethylene)结构适合抵抗低速弹体的侵彻破坏，陶瓷/铝结构适合抵抗高速弹体的侵彻破坏。Abstract: Boron carbide (B4C) ceramic has been widely used in armor fence due to its high hardness and low density. Ballistic performance of B4C ceramic and its composite targets has been one of the focuses recently. Ballistic performance of B4C ceramic composite targets defending 12.7 mm calibre armor-piercing bullets were explored through depth-of-penetration experiments and the corresponding numerical simulation model was established. The numerical simulation model for 12.7 mm calibre armor-piercing bullets penetrating into B4C ceramic composite targets was verified through the comparison between numerical results and experimental data. The influences of target configuration, back layer thickness and type on the ballistic performance of the composite targets were explored. It can be figured out from the results that for the composite targets with same areal density, the thicker the ceramic target, the better its ballistic performance; the increasing rate in the ballistic performance of the ceramic composite target decreases when the areal density increases and the ceramic thickness keeps constant. Ceramic/polyethylene (PE) structures are more suitable for defending against penetration by low-velocity bullets, while ceramic/Al structures are more suitable for defending against penetration by high-velocity bullets.
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图 4 12.7 mm口径穿甲燃烧弹侵彻铝靶试验结果
Figure 4. Experimental results for penetration of an aluminum target by a 12.7 mm armor-piercing explosive incendiary bullet
图 5 12.7 mm口径穿甲燃烧弹侵彻陶瓷/铝半无限靶试验结果
Figure 5. Penetration of a B4C/aluminum target by a 12.7 mm armor-piercing explosive incendiary bullet
图 6 12.7 mm口径穿甲燃烧弹侵彻陶瓷/铝有限厚靶试验结果
Figure 6. Experimental results for penetration of a B4C/aluminum target by a 12.7 mm armor-piercing explosive incendiary bullet
图 7 12.7 mm穿燃弹侵彻陶瓷/铝半无限靶数值模拟模型
Figure 7. The numerical simulation model for a 12.7 mm armor-piercing explosive incendiary bullet penetrating into a semi-infinite ceramic/aluminum composite target
图 8 12.7 mm穿燃弹体数值模拟模型
Figure 8. The numerical simulation model for the 12.7 mm armor-piercing explosive incendiary bullet
图 9 12.7 mm穿燃弹侵彻陶瓷/铝半无限靶损伤演化过程
Figure 9. Damage evolution of a 12.7 mm armor-piercing explosive incendiary bullet penetrating into a semi-infinite ceramic/aluminum composite target
图 10 12.7 mm穿燃弹侵彻陶瓷/铝有限厚靶损伤演化过程
Figure 10. Damage evolution during penetraion of a 12.7 mm armor-piercing explosive incendiary bullet into a finite ceramic/aluminum composite target
图 11 12.7 mm穿燃弹侵彻不同靶体的试验与数值模拟结果的对比
Figure 11. Comparison between experimental and numerical simulation results for 2.7 mm armor-piercing explosive incendiary bullets penetrating into different targets
图 12 弹道极限速度与靶板面密度的关系
Figure 12. Relation between ballistic limit and areal density of target
图 13 弹丸侵彻面密度为40、120 kg/m2的复合靶过程中的能量-时间历程曲线
Figure 13. Energy-time curves during penetration of ceramic composite targets with the areal densities of 40 kg/m2 and 120 kg/m2 by bullets
图 14 陶瓷/铝及陶瓷/PE复合靶k值
Figure 14. k values of ceramic/aluminum and ceramic/PE composite targets
图 15 不同陶瓷厚度复合靶的弹道极限速度
Figure 15. Ballistic limit velocities of composite targets with different ceramic thickness
图 16 薄背板下的拉伸破坏和厚背板下的拉伸-侵彻破坏
Figure 16. Tension failure in thin back layer and tension-penetration failure in thick back layer
表 1 12.7 mm 口径穿甲燃烧弹侵彻铝靶的试验数据
Table 1. Experimental data for 12.7 mm armor-piercing explosive incendiary bullets penetrating into aluminum targets
弹丸速度/(m·s−1) 侵彻深度/mm 侵彻深度平均值/mm 834 78 826 73 75.3 845 75 
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表 2 12.7 mm 穿燃弹侵彻陶瓷复合靶的速度和深度
Table 2. Velocities and depths of 12.7 mm armor-piercing explosive incendiary bullets penetrating ceramic composite targets
靶体 速度/(m·s−1) 铝背板侵彻深度/mm 防护系数 碳化硼陶瓷半无限复合靶 836 6 5.3 820 5 5.7 120 kg/m2面密度复合靶 831 24 2.3 823 18 2.9
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表 3 12.7 mm 穿燃弹与后效铝靶材料本构参数
Table 3. Parameters of the JC constitutive model for the 12.7 mm armor-piercing explosive incendiary bullet and the witness target
材料 ρ/(kg·m−3) A/MPa B/MPa n C m 2A12铝合金 2 750 330 445 0.709 0.012 1.0 F11 7 920 300 275 0.15 0.022 1.09 T12A 7 850 1 540 477 0.16 0 1
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表 4 碳化硼陶瓷材料本构参数
Table 4. Parameters of the constitutive model for B4C
ρ/(kg·m−3) K1/GPa K2/GPa K3/GPa T/GPa A N 2 510 233 −593 2 800 0.26 0.927 0.67 C B M $\sigma _{{\rm{f}},{\rm{max}}}^*$ D1 D2 β 0.005 0.7 0.85 0.5 0.001 0.5 1.0
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