Rail-guided static/dynamic biaxial tensile test technique
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摘要: 基于液压伺服高速加载系统，发展了一种材料双轴拉伸力学性能测试技术。利用锥面接触导向驱动方法，把加载锤竖直方向的驱动力转化为水平方向的双轴驱动力，从而实现对十字形试样平面双轴加载。借助有限元数值模拟手段优化了锥面接触角和十字形试样尺寸。当接触锥角为45°时，既有较好的水平驱动转化效率，同时又保持较小的接触力，确保水平驱动加载各组件在弹性变形范围内，可多次重复使用。确定了加载臂狭缝个数、狭缝与减薄区边缘长度和标距段厚度等试样设计关键参数，在十字形试样测试标距段内实现了均匀变形。设计了测力夹持一体化导杆和非接触光学全场应变测试系统，准确获得了试样的应力和应变。利用此平面双轴拉伸加载装置，开展2024-T351铝合金板单轴拉伸实验和激光探测同步性验证实验，验证装置设计的可行性；开展铝合金板材在不同加载速率下的双轴拉伸实验，得到在双轴加载下铝合金板材应力应变曲线，并与单轴加载下实验结果进行了对比分析。
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关键词:
- 双轴拉伸 /
- 十字样品 /
- 各向异性力学性能 /
- 2024-T351铝合金板
Abstract: Based on the Zwick HTM-5020 hydraulic servo high-speed loading system, a planar biaxial tensile test technique was developed. The biaxial tensile loading device is mainly composed of a cross-shaped cone hammer head, a loading force arm, a cross guide slide rail, and a sample clamping guide rod. The driving force in the vertical direction of the loading hammer is transformed into the horizontal driving force by using the cone contact method, so as to realize the plane biaxial loading of the cruciform specimen. The contact angle of the cone surface and the cruciform specimen geometry was optimized using an Abaqus FEM code. The simulation results show that: (1) when the contact cone angle is 45 °, the horizontal driving conversion efficiency is better and the contact force is smaller than those of others, so that the components loaded by the horizontal driving within the elastic deformation range can be used repeatedly; (2) the key parameters of the cruciform specimen, such as the number of the slits in the loading arm, the length of the slit edge and thinning area, and the thickness of the gauge section, are obtained, so as to realize the uniform deformation of the cruciform specimen in the gauge section. A guide rod integrated measuring force-clamping specimen and a noncontact digital image correlation technique for the measurement of strain were employed in the planar biaxial tensile test device. By using the planar biaxial tensile loading device, the uniaxial tensile test and laser detection synchronicity verification experiment of aluminum alloy plate were carried out to verify the feasibility of the device design. The biaxial tensile tests of the aluminum alloy plates under different strain rates were performed, and the stress-strain curves of the 2024-T351 aluminum alloy sheet under biaxial loading were obtained, which were compared with the results under uniaxial tensile loading. -
图 1 双轴拉伸加载装置结构装配图
Figure 1. Structural assembly drawing of biaxial tensile loading device
图 2 基于Zwick HTM-5020液压伺服高速试验机的双轴拉伸加载装置
Figure 2. Biaxial tensile loading device based on Zwick HTM-5020 hydraulic servo high speed machine
图 3 双轴拉伸加载装置的四分之一对称有限元计算模型
Figure 3. The quarter finite element calculation model for the biaxial tensile loading device
图 4 不同锥角条件下加载力臂速度时程曲线
Figure 4. Time histories of velocity of the loading force arm at different conical angles
图 5 不同锥角条件下接触单元应力时程曲线
Figure 5. Time histories of stress of contact elements at different conical angles
图 6 45°锥角下加载力臂上最大单元应力时程曲线
Figure 6. Time history of the maximum element stress of the loading force arm at the conical angle of 45°
图 7 不同锥角条件下速度和接触应力的拟合曲线
Figure 7. Fitted curves for velocity and contact stress at different conical angles
图 9 不同狭缝条数条件下应力集中系数和狭缝区最大单元应力
Figure 9. Stress concentration factor of gauge section and maximum element stress of slit under different slit numbers
图 10 不同边缘长度条件下应力集中系数和狭缝区最大单元应
Figure 10. Stress concentration factor of gauge section and maximum element stress of slit under different lengths of slit edge
图 11 不同标距段厚度条件下应力集中系数和狭缝区最大单元应力
Figure 11. Stress concentration factor of gauge section and maximum element stress of slit under different thicknesses of gauge section
图 12 优化前和优化后十字形试样的等效应力分布云图
Figure 12. Diagrams of equivalent stress distribution of the cruciform sample before and after optimization
图 16 不同实验技术测得铝合金单轴应力应变实验数据对比
Figure 16. Comparison of stress-strain curves of aluminum alloy specimens by different test techniques
图 17 同一方向连接杆上实测的应力时程曲线
Figure 17. Evolution of stress profiles measured on the connecting rod along the same direction
图 18 双轴拉伸加载装置同步性验证的激光干涉测试系统布置
Figure 18. Schematic diagram of the laser interference system for verifying synchronism of the biaxial tensile loading device
图 19 相互垂直两个方向实测的位移和速度时程曲线对比
Figure 19. Comparison of displacement and velocity curves measured along two directions perpendicular to each other
图 20 不同应变率下4个连接杆上应变片实测的力时程曲线
Figure 20. Evolution of forces measured by strain gauges on four clamping guide rods at different strain rates
图 21 不同应变率下DIC实测的标距段平均应变时程曲线
Figure 21. Average strain measured by the DIC method as a function of time at different strain rates
图 22 不同应变率下铝合金双轴拉伸应力应变曲线
Figure 22. Stress-strain curves of aluminum alloy at different strain rates under biaxial tensile loading
图 23 不同应变率下铝合金双轴和单轴等效应力应变曲线对比
Figure 23. Comparison of biaxial and uniaxial equivalent stress-equivalent strain curves of aluminum alloy at different strain rates
表 1 优化后十字试件的最佳尺寸参数
Table 1. The parameters of cruciform samples after optimizing
L/mm M T/mm 1.5 3 0.45 
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