乙烯储罐气体泄漏诱发蒸气云爆炸的数值模拟

王秋红; 孙艺林; 李鑫; 蒋军成; 张明广; 王刘兵

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2020-0202

乙烯储罐气体泄漏诱发蒸气云爆炸的数值模拟

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2020-0202

王秋红^1,,
孙艺林¹,
李鑫¹,
蒋军成^{2, 3, ,},
张明广^{2, 3},
王刘兵¹

1.
西安科技大学安全科学与工程学院，陕西西安 710054
2.
南京工业大学安全科学与工程学院，江苏南京 210009
3.
江苏省危险化学品本质安全与控制技术重点实验室，江苏南京 210009

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2016YFC0800100）；国家自然科学基金（51504190）

详细信息

作者简介:
王秋红（1984－　），女，博士，副教授，wangqh@xust.edu.cn

通讯作者:
蒋军成（1967－　），男，博士，教授，jcjiang@njtech.edu.cn

中图分类号: O389; X932
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-01-14
- 修回日期: 2020-09-11
- 刊出日期: 2020-12-05

Numerical simulation on gas dispersions and vapor cloud explosions induced by gas released from an ethylene storage tank

1.
College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
2.
College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
3.
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China

摘要

摘要: 储罐会因腐蚀或人为误操作等原因引发泄漏，造成泄漏气体扩散或气云爆炸事故。为了揭示此种事故的发展过程及影响规律，应用计算流体力学软件FLACS，研究了泄漏和环境风两个主要影响因素对乙烯气体扩散及爆炸的影响。结果表明：气云扩散距离和体积随泄漏速率增加而增大；当泄漏速率低于6 kg/s时，不同泄漏方向上的气云扩散距离及体积相近；当泄漏速率高于6 kg/s时，气体泄漏扩散和气云形成过程因受到障碍物影响，随阻塞率增大，气云扩散距离减小，气云体积增加。当泄漏方向垂直于储罐组中轴线，泄漏速率为18 kg/s时，气云扩散距离最大为81.5 m；当泄漏方向平行于储罐组中轴线，泄漏速率为24 kg/s时，气云体积最大达到9 604 m³。爆炸波的冲击压力随泄漏速率升高而升高；环境风会加快可燃气体稀释，有效降低气云爆炸发生的概率，降低爆炸强度，达到爆炸压力峰值的时间更早，可使高温在更短的时间内下降。泄漏速率为24 kg/s时，与泄漏储罐紧邻的储罐表面上被冲击到的爆炸超压仅为6.88 kPa，但温度高达2 384 K，因此，为避免事故发生时的二次灾害，救援中对储罐组的冷却降温尤为重要。
- FLACS /
- 泄漏扩散 /
- 气云爆炸 /
- 爆炸压力 /
- 爆炸温度
Abstract: Storage tanks may leak due to corrosion or human error, resulting in released gas dispersion and vapor cloud explosion accidents. The computational fluid dynamics software FLACS was employed to reveal the development processes of explosion accidents and estimate their influences on the environment, focusing on the effect of the leakage and environmental wind as two dominant factors on the ethylene gas dispersion and gas explosion. The results show that gas cloud dispersion distance and gas cloud volume increase with the increasing leak rate. When the leak rate is less than 6 kg/s, the gas cloud dispersion distance and gas cloud volume are similar in different leak directions. When the leak rate is greater than 6 kg/s, the dispersion of released gas and formation of gas cloud are influenced by the obstacles. The gas cloud dispersion distance decreases and the gas cloud volume increases as the blockage rate of the geometric obstacles increases. When the leak direction is perpendicular to the central axis of the storage tank group and the leak rate is 18 kg/s, the gas cloud attains its maximum dispersion distance of 81.5 m. When the leak direction is parallel to the central axis of the storage tank group and the leak rate is 24 kg/s, the gas cloud reaches its maximum volume of 9 604 m³. The impact pressure of the explosion wave increases with the increase in the leak rate. Under the influence of the environmental wind, the dilution of combustible gas is prominently accelerated and the combustible gas cloud volume is substantially lessened. Meanwhile, the probability of ignition of gas clouds and the intensity of the vapor cloud explosion are effectively reduced. Moreover, the time corresponding to achieve the peak explosion pressure is earlier and the decrease of the temperature is quicker than their counterparts under the condition without the environmental wind. When the leak rate is 24 kg/s, the explosion overpressure around the leakage location on the surface of the tank is only 6.88 kPa, but the temperature is 2 384 K. Therefore, when the explosion accident occurs, cooling the storage tanks is crucial in rescue in order to avoid the secondary disaster.
- FLACS /
- leakage and dispersion /
- gas cloud explosion /
- explosion pressure /
- explosion temperature

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图 1 乙烯储罐区模型

Figure 1. The model of the ethylene storage tank farm

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图 2 气体泄漏扩散危险性评价参数

Figure 2. Parameters for evaluation of the dispersion of released gas

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图 3 不同泄漏方向上泄漏速率与气云D_max的关系曲线

Figure 3. Relation curves between various leak rates and D_max along different leak directions

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图 4 不同泄漏速率下D_max随时间变化曲线

Figure 4. Variation of D_max with time under different leak rates

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图 5 不同泄漏速率和泄漏方向上的V_Q9

Figure 5. V_Q9 at various leak rates and leak directions

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图 6 不同风速和风向下可燃气云扩散最远位置到泄漏点的距离随泄漏速率的变化

Figure 6. Distance from the farthest position of combustible gas cloud dispersion to its leakage source varying with leak rate at different wind speeds and directions

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图 7 不同风向和泄漏速率条件下的V_Q9

Figure 7. V_Q9 at different wind directions and leak rates

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图 8 无风条件下乙烯气云爆炸压力场与温度场分布

Figure 8. Pressure and temperature fields of ethylene vapor cloud explosion without wind

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图 9 不同泄漏速率下储罐表面爆炸超压随时间的变化

Figure 9. Explosion overpressure as a function of time on the surfaces of storage tanks at different leak rates

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图 10 不同泄漏速率下储罐表面温度随时间的变化

Figure 10. Temperature as a function of time on the surfaces of storage tanks at different leak rates

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表 1 不同泄漏速率下D_max和时间的拟合方程

Table 1. Fitting equations of D_max and time under different leak rates

泄漏速率/(kg·s⁻¹)	+X 泄漏方向：y=c+ax+bx²				+Y 泄漏方向：y=b ln(x–a)
泄漏速率/(kg·s⁻¹)	c	a	b	R²	a	b	R²
6	17.874	0.756	–0.004	0.994	–5.413	6.894	0.990
12	21.351	1.062	–0.006	0.996	–4.179	8.856	0.968
18	25.484	1.226	–0.007	0.996	–4.731	10.006	0.931
24	25.321	1.651	–0.012	0.998	–1.564	11.920	0.975

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表 2 无风条件下的爆炸工况

Table 2. Explosion cases without wind

泄漏方向	泄漏速率/(kg·s⁻¹)	点火位置
+X	6、12、18、24	点火源1
+Y	6、12、18、24	点火源2
−Z	6、12、18、24	点火源3

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 有风条件下的爆炸工况

Table 3. Explosion cases with wind

泄漏方向	泄漏速率/(kg·s⁻¹)	环境风向	点火位置
+X	24	西风 (+X)	点火源1
+Y	6、12、18、24	南风 (+Y)	点火源2
−Z	18、24	西风 (+X)	点火源3
–Z	12、18、24	西南风 (+XY)	点火源3

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 不同条件下储罐表面的最大爆炸超压以及达到最大爆炸超压的时间

Table 4. The maximum explosion overpressure on the tank surface and the time required to reach it under different conditions

泄漏速率/(kg·s⁻¹)	储罐A表面				储罐B表面
	无风条件		有风条件		无风条件		有风条件
	p_max/kPa	t_p/s	p_max/kPa	t_p/s	p_max/kPa	t_p/s	p_max/kPa	t_p/s
6	2.68	101.067 2	0.03	99.997 8	3.02	101.170 7	0.02	99.997 8
12	3.28	100.870 6	1.46	100.617 6	3.66	101.024 8	1.14	100.603 3
18	3.55	100.758 6	2.46	100.555 8	5.86	100.894 6	2.98	100.584 3
24	4.16	100.647 1	4.03	100.539 1	6.88	100.761 4	3.50	100.545 4

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表 5 不同条件下储罐表面的最高温度以及达到最高所需的时间

Table 5. The maximum temperature on the tank surface and the time required to reach it under different conditions

泄漏速率/(kg·s⁻¹)	储罐A表面				储罐B表面
	无风条件		有风条件		无风条件		有风条件
	T_max/K	t_t/s	T_max/K	t_t/s	T_max/K	t_t/s	T_max/K	t_t/s
6	2 384	102.838 5	2 050	102.075 5	2 385	102.831 4	1 002	103.030 2
12	2 386	102.884 6	2 374	101.530 9	2 386	102.706 2	2 096	100.781 8
18	2 386	102.736 1	2 375	101.012 5	2 386	103.119 7	2 364	100.834 3
24	2 384	102.730 6	2 384	102.101 7	2 366	102.861 5	2 336	101.258 3

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表 6 爆炸超压对建筑物的破坏作用

Table 6. Destructive effect of explosion overpressure on building surface

建筑类型	爆炸超压/kPa
建筑类型	完全毁坏	严重毁坏	中等毁坏	轻度毁坏	轻微毁坏
钢筋混凝土建筑	80～100	50～80	30～50	10～30	3～10
多层砖结构	20～40	20～30	10～20	5～10	3～5
少层砖结构	35～45	25～35	15～25	5～15	3～5
木建筑物	20～30	12～20	8～12	5～8	3～5
工业钢架建筑物	50～80	30～50	20～30	5～20	3～5

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