7 km/s以上超高速发射技术研究进展

罗斌强; 张旭平; 郝龙; 莫建军; 王桂吉; 宋振飞; 谭福利; 王翔; 赵剑衡

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2020-0307

7 km/s以上超高速发射技术研究进展

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2020-0307

1.
中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所四川绵阳 621999
2.
中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所四川绵阳 621999

详细信息

作者简介:
罗斌强（1985－　），男，博士，副研究员，bqluoo@caep.cn

通讯作者:
赵剑衡（1969－　），男，博士，研究员，jianh_zhao@caep.cn

中图分类号: O385
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-08-29
- 修回日期: 2020-10-26
- 网络出版日期: 2021-02-02
- 刊出日期: 2021-02-05

Advances on the techniques of ultrahigh-velocity launch above 7 km/s

1.
Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
2.
Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China

摘要

摘要: 介绍了毫克至克量级弹丸7 km/s以上超高速发射技术的国内外研究进展，并对各发射装置的工作原理和技术要素进行了简要阐述。基于电磁驱动准等熵加载，美国ZR装置驱动25 mm×13 mm×1.0 mm铝飞片至46 km/s速度，国内CQ系列磁驱动加载装置实现了10 mm×6 mm×0.33 mm铝飞片18 km/s的发射。借助于金属箔电爆炸产生高压气体驱动，美国利弗莫尔实验室100 kV电炮装置驱动9.5 mm×9.5 mm×0.3 mm 的Kapton 膜至18 km/s，国内流体物理研究所98 kJ和200 kJ电炮装置分别驱动$\varnothing $10 mm×0.2 mm Mylar飞片和$\varnothing $21 mm×0.5 mm Mylar飞片到10 km/s。基于阻抗梯度飞片技术，采用汇聚型和非汇聚型结构三级轻气炮，实现了厘米量级铝飞片和TC4钛飞片12～15 km/s速度发射。这些超高速驱动技术的发展，为空间碎片防护研究提供了坚实的技术支持。
- 超高速发射技术 /
- 磁驱动飞片 /
- 电炮 /
- 三级轻气炮
Abstract: Advances on ultrahigh-velocity launch techniques were introduced, which involving magnetically-driven metallic flyer, metallic foil electrically explosion driven plastic flyer and three-stage light gas gun based on graded density impactor (GDI) driven flyer techniques. The magnetically-driven flyer technique utilizes the Lorentz force produced by the interact of intense current and strong magnetic field to accelerate a metallic flyer shocklessly, and a 25 mm×13 mm×1.0 mm aluminum flyer was launched to 46 km/s on the ZR machnine at Sandia National Laboratory (SNL). This technique has been developed in Institute of Fluid Physics (IFP) since 2008, series compact pulsed power generators such as CQ-1.5, CQ-4, CQ-7 with increasing loading capability in turn, were established and hypervelocity metallic flyer launching experiments were conducted. The shape of the loading electrode for launching a flyer was optimized by using a magnetic hydrodynamic code, and an aluminum flyer with the initial sizes of 10 mm×6 mm×0.33 mm was accelerated to 18 km/s within a distance of up to several millimeters. The metallic foil electrically-explosion driven flyer technique, usually named as electrical gun (EG), uses the high-pressure gas produced by electrical exploding of a metal foil to accelerate a plastic flyer. A Kapton flyer with the sizes of 9.5 mm×9.5 mm×0.3 mm was accelerated to 18 km/s in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The electrical gun technique has been developed in IFP since 2006, series electrical guns with increasing loading capability were established, namely 14.4-kJ EG, 98-kJ EG and 200-kJ EG. A unified numerical simulation program was developed to give insight to the progress of metallic foil electrical explosion and to optimize the experimental designs. By using 98-kJ and 200-kJ electric guns, the Mylar flyers with the sizes of $\varnothing $10 mm×0.2 mm and $\varnothing $21 mm×0.5 mm and the mass of hundreds of milligrams were launched up to 10 km/s. A three-stage light gas gun based on GDI transfers the kinetic energy of a GDI to a metallic flyer shocklessly, and a centimeter-sized metallic flyer was launched to 15 km/s in SNL. This technique has been investigated in IFP since 2003, and the preparation of high-quality GDIs is mainly focused on. Numerical simulation on GDI-driven hypervelocity launch was carried out, convergent and non-convergent structures of the third-stage barrel muzzle were improved. By ultilizing the three-stage gas gun based on GDI, an aluminum flyer and a TC4 flyer were launched to 12−15 km/s. By using the ultrahigh-velocity launch techniques mentioned above, a protective structure of space aircraft was impacted at the velocity above 7 km/s to test its protection ability and ballistic limits. The results show that these ultrahigh-velocity launch technologies can provide reliable technical supports for space debris protection research.
- ultrahigh-velocity launch /
- magnetically-driven flyer /
- electrical gun /
- three-stage light gas gun

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图 1 磁驱动高速飞片发射示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a magnetically driven high-velocity flyer

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图 2 ZR装置驱动超高速铝飞片速度曲线^[10]

Figure 2. Velocity profiles of aluminum flyers driven by the ZR machine^[10]

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图 3 CQ-4装置驱动飞片速度曲线

Figure 3. Velocity curves of metallic flyer driven by the CQ-4 device

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图 4 CQ-4装置驱动薄铝飞片速度曲线

Figure 4. Ultra-high velocity curves of aluminum flyer driven by the CQ-4 device

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图 5 CQ-4装置照片

Figure 5. A photo of the CQ-4 device

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图 6 磁驱动飞片实验电极照片

Figure 6. Photo of flyer accelerating electrode on the CQ-4 device

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图 7 电炮加载原理图

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of an electrical gun

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图 8 LLNL实验室100 kV电炮驱动飞片速度曲线

Figure 8. Velocity profile of Mylar flyer driven by the 100-kV electrical gun in LLNL

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图 9 14.4 kJ电炮装置在不同电压下放电电流曲线

Figure 9. Current profiles of a 14.4 kJ electrical gun at different voltages

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图 10 14.4 kJ电炮装置在不同电压下的飞片速度曲线

Figure 10. Velocity profiles of a 14.4 kJ electrical gun at different voltages

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图 11 98 kJ电炮装置

Figure 11. A photo of the 98-kJ electrical gun in IFP

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图 12 200 kJ电炮装置

Figure 12. A photo of the 200-kJ electrical gun in IFP

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图 13 98 kJ电炮驱动飞片速度曲线

Figure 13. Velocity of a Mylar flyer driven by a 98-kJ electrical gun

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图 14 200 kJ电炮驱动飞片速度曲线

Figure 14. Velocity of a Mylar flyer driven by a 200-kJ electrical gun

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图 15 基于阻抗梯度飞片的三级炮结构示意图

Figure 15. Schematic diagrams of three-stage light gas guns based on GDI

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图 16 三级炮发射的LY-12铝合金飞片速度曲线（非汇聚型）

Figure 16. Velocity curves of an LY-12 Al flyer driven by a non-convergent configuration three-stage gas gun based on GDI

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图 17 三级炮发射的TC4钛合金飞片速度曲线（汇聚型）

Figure 17. Velocity curves of TC4 titanium flyers driven by a convergent configuration three-stage gas gun based on GDI

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图 18 单层铝板被速度9 km/s 的Mylar飞片正撞击后的破坏情况

Figure 18. Failure characteristics of a single aluminum plate impacted by a 9-km/s Mylar flyer

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图 19 $\varnothing $11 mm×0.25 mm 的Mylar飞片以9 km/s的速度撞击铝Whipple结构时后板的破坏情况

Figure 19. Failure characteristics of an aluminum Whipple impacted by a $\varnothing $11 mm×0.25 mm Mylar flyer at 9 km/s

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图 20 速度10.6 km/s的铝片撞击铝Whipple的破坏过程

Figure 20. Failure progress of an aluminum Whipple impacted by a 10.6-km/s aluminum flyer

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表 1 超过7 km/s的超高速发射技术比较

Table 1. Comparison of ultrahigh-velocity launch technologies above 7 km/s

发射技术	最大速度/(km∙s⁻¹)	弹丸质量/mg	弹丸形状	技术特点
传统三级炮	10	10²～10³	飞片/球	高速发射时炮管易损坏
GDI三级炮	15	10²～10³	飞片	高质量GDI飞片制备较难，汇聚型结构飞片姿态不易控制
磁驱动	45	10¹～10²	金属飞片	飞片存在烧蚀，烧蚀厚度需实验定标
电炮	18	10¹～10²	塑料飞片	飞片后续等离子作用较强
定向聚能技术	12	10²～10³	金属管	炸药爆轰加载，弹丸质量与形状调整相对较难

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