基于单射流冲击试验的复合材料高速雨滴撞击损伤研究

侯乃丹; 王旋; 李玉龙

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2020-0357

基于单射流冲击试验的复合材料高速雨滴撞击损伤研究

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2020-0357

侯乃丹^{1, 2,},
王旋^{1, 2},
李玉龙^{1, 2, ,}

1.
西北工业大学航空学院，陕西西安 710072
2.
陕西省冲击动力学及工程应用重点实验室，陕西西安 710072

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（11832015，11527803）

详细信息

作者简介:
侯乃丹（1995－　），女，博士研究生，hounaidan@163.com

通讯作者:
李玉龙（1961－　），男，博士，教授，liyulong@nwpu.edu.cn

中图分类号: O347.4
计量
- 文章访问数: 695
- HTML全文浏览量: 302
- PDF下载量: 111
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-09-27
- 修回日期: 2020-11-04
- 网络出版日期: 2021-03-18
- 刊出日期: 2021-04-14

High-speed raindrop impingement damage of composites based on single waterjet impact tests

HOU Naidan^{1, 2
,},
WANG Xuan^{1, 2},
LI Yulong^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi, China
2.
Shaanxi Impact Dynamics and Engineering Application Laboratory, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi, China

摘要

摘要: 飞行器高速飞越云雨区时，前表面会受到雨滴的冲击侵蚀。基于一级轻气炮搭建了一种单射流冲击试验平台用于材料雨蚀试验，可产生速度200～600 m/s、直径4～7 mm、头部呈光滑圆弧形的稳定水射流；并对一种碳纤维树脂基复合材料层合板进行了不同速度和直径的单射流冲击试验。结果表明，复合材料单次水射流冲击的典型损伤形貌为：冲击表面凹陷，中心几乎完好无损伤，周围产生一环状损伤带，环内有树脂去除、基体开裂、少量纤维断裂等损伤形式；内部损伤主要由基体开裂和层间分层组成。损伤尺寸呈现典型的各向异性，纵向尺寸大于横向尺寸；随射流速度和直径的增加，表面环状损伤和内部损伤的尺寸均向外扩展，环状损伤面积和内部分层面积也随之增加。水锤压力的压缩和卸载、侧向射流的剪切和应力波的相互作用是造成复合材料单射流冲击损伤的主要机理。
- 液固冲击 /
- 水射流 /
- 复合材料 /
- 雨蚀损伤
Abstract: When an aircraft flies over the cloud at high speed, the front surface will be eroded by raindrops. In this paper, a single waterjet impact test platform was established based on the first-stage light gas gun in order to conduct the rain erosion tests on materials. Its principle was that the gas gun launches a metallic projectile to impact the water storage chamber sealed by the rubber piston, and then the liquid was driven from the small nozzle to form a high-speed waterjet. The apparatus could generate stable waterjets with speeds of 200−600 m/s, diameters of 4−7 mm and a smooth circular-arc head, which simulated a waterdrop with the same diameter. A series of single waterjet impact tests were carried out on a symmetrically cross-ply carbon-fiber-reinforced composite (CFRP) laminate under different waterjet velocities and diameters. The results show that the typical damage modes of CFRP laminates impacted by single waterjets are as follows. The impacted surface is depressed, and the surface damage consists of resin removal, matrix cracking, minor fiber fracture and fiber exposure around the rim of a central undamaged region. The internal damage range gradually expands from the impact surface to the bottom ply, mainly composed of intralaminar matrix cracking with a pyramid shape and interlaminar delamination with a diamond shape. Both the surface and internal damage are more extensive in the longitudinal than the transversal direction, thus presenting typical anisotropy due to the anisotropic elastic and strength properties of CFRP materials. With the increase of waterjet velocity and diameter, both the surface annular damage and internal damage expand outwards, and the damage areas also increase correspondingly. Compression and release waves of water hammer pressure, shear stress of lateral jetting and interaction of stress waves are the main mechanisms leading to damage and failure of composites impacted by waterjets. The area of the undamaged center of the surface can be predicted by multiplying the contact boundary diameter of the water hammer pressure by a dimensionless damage function.
- liquid-solid impact /
- waterjet /
- CFRP /
- rain erosion damage

HTML全文

图 1 液固冲击过程示意图

Figure 1. Diagram of liquid-solid impact

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 单射流冲击试验装置

Figure 2. Single impact waterjet apparatus

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 射流形态随位移的变化规律

Figure 3. Variation of the waterjet with stand-off distance

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 单射流发生装置的水射流测试结果

Figure 4. Waterjet testing results of the single impact waterjet apparatus

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 水射流单次冲击后复合材料试件表面典型损伤的显微镜观察结果

Figure 5. Microscopic results of the typical surface damage of CFRP specimen caused by single waterjet impact

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 环形损伤区域的表面轮廓

Figure 6. Surface profiles of the annular damage area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 水射流冲击后试样C扫描结果

Figure 7. C-scanning result of the specimen after waterjet impact

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 垂直于表面的横剖面显微结果

Figure 8. Microscopic results of the cross section perpendicular to the surface

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 高速水射流冲击复合材料试样的典型损伤形貌示意图

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of typical damage modes of CFRP samples impacted by high-speed waterjets

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 直径5.7 mm的不同速度的射流冲击复合材料试样的显微和C扫结果

Figure 10. Microscopic and C-scan results of CFRP samples impacted by waterjets with the same diameter of 5.7 mm at different jet velocities

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 两种射流直径（4.9、5.7 mm）下损伤量化参数随射流速度的变化规律

Figure 11. Variation of damage quantification parameters with waterjet velocity under two jet diameters (4.9, 5.7 mm)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 速度557 m/s时不同直径射流冲击复合材料试样的显微和C扫结果

Figure 12. Microscopic and C-scan results of CFRP samples impacted by waterjets with different jet diameters at the same velocity of 557 m/s

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 两种射流速度（428、557 m/s）下损伤量化参数随射流直径的变化规律

Figure 13. Variation of damage quantification parameters with waterjet diameter at two jet velocities (428, 557 m/s)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 表面环状中心无损伤尺寸试验值的非线性拟合结果

Figure 14. Nonlinear fitting results of the experimental values of the surface central undamaged region

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 T700/7901单向板力学参数

Table 1. Mechanical properties of T700/7901 unidirectional laminates

纤维体积分数φ/%	E₁₁/GPa	E₂₂/GPa	G₁₂/GPa	ν₁₂	X_t/MPa	X_c/MPa	Y_t/MPa	Y_c/MPa	S₁₂/MPa
66	115	9	3.3	0.33	2300	1050	42	143	116

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 不同速度和直径的水射流冲击复合材料试样的损伤结果

Table 2. Damage results of CFRP samples impacted by waterjets with different velocities and diameters

序号	射流速度v/(m·s⁻¹)	射流直径d/mm	D₂/mm	D₁/mm	L_x/mm	L_y/mm	S_xy/mm²
1	300	5.7	0	0	0	0	0
2	343	4.9	0	0	0	0	0
3	343	5.7	0.74	2.07	2.004	2.406	3.139
4	386	5.7	0.89	2.25	4.431	3.302	10.138
5	407	4.9	0.75	2.26	1.886	2.484	3.398
6	407	5.7	1.18	2.9	5.303	4.699	17.049
7	428	4.9	0.96	2.39	4.636	2.897	7.776
8	428	5.7	1.41	3.02	7.103	5.222	25.113
9	428	6.7	1.50	3.27	9.154	6.147	31.531
10	471	4.9	1.05	2.49	4.454	4.301	15.379
11	514	6.7	1.59	3.54	11.935	7.246	45.216
12	557	4.9	1.51	2.76	12.024	8.049	45.173
13	557	5.7	1.80	3.63	12.579	9.732	75.772
14	557	6.3	1.90	3.77	13.673	10.963	88.678

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(24)

[1]	石毓锬, 胡晓兰, 梁国正, 等. 飞行器天线罩的雨蚀及防护 [J]. 化工新型材料, 2001, 29(1): 6–10. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3536.2001.01.002. SHI Y T, HU X L, LIANG G Z, et al. A review of rain erosion and protection of radomes [J]. New Chemical Materials, 2001, 29(1): 6–10. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3536.2001.01.002.
[2]	ENGEL O G. Waterdrop collision with solid surface [J]. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 1955, 54(5): 281–298. DOI: 10.6028/jres.054.033.
[3]	BOWDEN F P, BRUNTON J H. The deformation of solids by liquid impact at supersonic speeds [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1961, 263(1315): 433–450. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1961.0172.
[4]	ADLER W F. Rain impact retrospective and vision for the future [J]. Wear, 1999, 233–235: 25–38. DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00191-X.
[5]	FIELD J E. ELSI conference: invited lecture: liquid impact: theory, experiment, applications [J]. Wear, 1999, 233/234/235: 1–12. DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00189-1.
[6]	TOBIN E F, YOUNG T M, RAPS D, et al. Comparison of liquid impingement results from whirling arm and water-jet rain erosion test facilities [J]. Wear, 2011, 271(9–10): 2625–2631. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2011.02.023.
[7]	施红辉, FIELD J E. 高速液体撞击下固体材料内的应力波传播 [J]. 中国科学G辑:物理学力学天文学, 2004, 34(5): 577–590. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7275.2004.05.010. SHI H H, FIELD J E. Stress wave propagation in solid material under high velocity liquid impingement [J]. Scientic Sinica G: Physica Mechanica & Astronomica, 2004, 34(5): 577–590. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7275.2004.05.010.
[8]	毛靖儒, 施红辉, 俞茂铮, 等. 液滴撞击固体表面时的流体动力特性实验研究 [J]. 力学与实践, 1995, 17(3): 52–54. DOI: 10.6052/1000-0992-1995-071. MAO J R, SHI H H, YU M Z, et al. Experimental study on hydrodynamic characteristics of droplets impinging on solid surfaces [J]. Mechanics in Engineering, 1995, 17(3): 52–54. DOI: 10.6052/1000-0992-1995-071.
[9]	孙弼, 鄢宇鹏, 张荻, 等. 液滴与可变形固面撞击的二维非线性激波模型 [J]. 应用力学学报, 1996, 13(3): 33–38. SUN B, YAN Y P, ZHANG D, et al. A two dimensional nonlinear shock model for the collision between a liquid drop and elastic plane [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1996, 13(3): 33–38.
[10]	张荻, 谢永慧, 周屈兰. 液滴与弹性固体表面撞击过程的研究 [J]. 机械工程学报, 2003, 39(6): 75–78, 85. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0577-6686.2003.06.017. ZHANG D, XIE Y H, ZHOU Q L. Study on the impact between liquid drop and elastic solid [J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2003, 39(6): 75–78, 85. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0577-6686.2003.06.017.
[11]	张荻, 谢永慧. 动叶水蚀疲劳寿命分析模型的研究 [J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2004, 24(10): 189–192. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0258-8013.2004.10.036. ZHANG D, XIE Y H. Numerical model for blade fatigue life of liquid corrosion in steam turbine [J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2004, 24(10): 189–192. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0258-8013.2004.10.036.
[12]	王泽江, 陈旭明, 黄谦. 飞行器光学窗/罩材料雨滴侵蚀试验[C] // 第六届全国实验流体力学学术会议论文集. 太原: 中国力学学会, 中国空气动力学学会, 2004: 190−194.
[13]	GUJBA A K, HACKEL L, KEVORKOV D, et al. Water droplet erosion behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V and mechanisms of material damage at the early and advanced stages [J]. Wear, 2016, 358: 109–122. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2016.04.008.
[14]	LUISET B, SANCHETTE F, BILLARD A, et al. Mechanisms of stainless steels erosion by water droplets [J]. Wear, 2013, 303(1–2): 459–464. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2013.03.045.
[15]	BRUNTON J H. A discussion on deformation of solids by the impact of liquids, and its relation to rain damage in aircraft and missiles, to blade erosion in steam turbines, and to cavitation erosion—High speed liquid impact [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1966, 260(1110): 79–85. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.1966.0031.
[16]	BOURNE N K. On impacting liquid jets and drops onto polymethylmethacrylate targets [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2005, 461(2056): 1129–1145. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2004.1440.
[17]	COOK S S. Erosion by water-hammer [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1928, 119(783): 481–488. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1928.0107.
[18]	SPRINGER G S, YANG C I. Model for the rain erosion of fiber reinforced composites [J]. AIAA Journal, 1975, 13(7): 877–883. DOI: 10.2514/3.60463.
[19]	ENGEL O G. Damage produced by high-speed liquid-drop impacts [J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1973, 44(2): 692–704. DOI: 10.1063/1.1662246.
[20]	HEYMANN F J. On the shock wave velocity and impact pressure in high-speed liquid-solid impact [J]. Journal of Basic Engineering, 1968, 90(3): 400–402. DOI: 10.1115/1.3605114.
[21]	SEWARD C R, PICKLES C S J, FIELD J E. Single- and multiple-impact jet apparatus and results [C] // Proceedings Volume 1326, Window and Dome Technologies and Materials II. San Diego: SPIE, 1990: 280−290. DOI: 10.1117/12.22507.
[22]	BURSON-THOMAS C B, WELLMAN R, HARVEY T J, et al. Water droplet erosion of aeroengine fan blades: the importance of form [J]. Wear, 2019, 426: 507–517. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2018.12.030.
[23]	BOWDEN F P, FIELD J E. The brittle fracture of solids by liquid impact, by solid impact, and by shock [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1964, 282(1390): 331–352. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1964.0236.
[24]	BOURNE N K, OBARA T, FIELD J E. High-speed photography and stress gauge studies of jet impact upon surfaces [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1997, 355(1724): 607–623. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.1997.0028.