爆炸载荷作用下铀气溶胶形成机理研究

刘志勇; 王金涛; 何彬; 罗永锋; 王飞

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2021-0075

爆炸载荷作用下铀气溶胶形成机理研究

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2021-0075

刘志勇^{1, 2,},
王金涛^1, ,,
何彬¹,
罗永锋²,
王飞¹

1.
火箭军工程大学核工程学院，陕西西安 710025
2.
火箭军研究院，北京 100015

详细信息

作者简介:
刘志勇（1982－　），男，博士研究生，副研究员，ageleil@163.com

通讯作者:
王金涛（1985－　），男，博士，讲师，451128257@qq.com

中图分类号: O385
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- 文章访问数: 472
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-03-03
- 修回日期: 2021-04-16
- 刊出日期: 2021-05-05

Study on the formation mechanism of uranium aerosol under explosion load

LIU Zhiyong^{1, 2
,},
WANG Jintao^{1
, ,},
HE Bin¹,
LUO Yongfeng²,
WANG Fei¹

1.
Department of Nuclear Engineering, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi’an, 710025, Shaanxi, China
2.
Academy of Rocket Force, Beijing 100015, China

摘要

摘要: 针对铀材料在爆炸载荷作用下形成放射性气溶胶的过程，采用光滑粒子流体动力学方法开展了数值模拟和实验研究。通过将颗粒动力学和SPH方法结合，建立了炸药爆轰作用于铀金属壳的数值模拟模型，以铀材料比内能为气溶胶转化判据，获得了铀材料转化为气溶胶的物理过程，得到了在相同爆炸当量下，不同质量铀材料的气溶胶转化效率，并与实验结果进行了对比分析。结果显示，铀材料在爆炸载荷作用下，当其比内能达到1.9 MJ/kg时，即可认为完全转变为气溶胶，对于本文中的爆炸装置结构形式，当炸药质量为铀材料质量的6倍时，转化率超过90%。实验验证了数值模拟结果，表明该方法能够对铀材料的气溶胶转化过程进行准确描述。
- 铀 /
- 气溶胶 /
- 爆炸载荷 /
- 光滑粒子流体动力学方法
Abstract: Aiming at the process of uranium material forming radioactive aerosol under the action of explosion load, numerical simulation and experimental research were carried out based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamic method (SPH method). Through the combination of particle dynamics and SPH method, a numerical simulation model of explosive detonation acting on a uranium metal shell was established, which would be used to describe the formation process of uranium aerosol. The specific internal energy of uranium material was used as the aerosol conversion criterion, and the physical process of uranium material conversion into aerosol was obtained. We found two types of damage mode of the uranium under explosive load, one was overall damage when the uranium shell mass was close to the explosive mass, and the other one was crushing damage when the uranium shell mass was much less than the explosive mass. Under the same explosive equivalent, the aerosol conversion efficiencies of uranium materials with different mass were compared with the experimental results. The results show that uranium material can be considered to be completely converted into aerosol when its specific internal energy reaches 1.9 MJ/kg under explosive load. According to the explosive device structure in this paper, when the explosive mass is six times than the mass of uranium, the conversion ratio exceeds 90%. The experimental results have a good agreement with the numerical simulations, which shows that the method used in this paper can accurately describe the aerosol conversion process of uranium materials.
- uranium /
- aerosol /
- explosion load /
- smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

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图 1 爆炸装置数值模拟模型

Figure 1. Numerical simulation model of the explosive device

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图 2 不同比内能截断值时气溶胶转化率计算结果

Figure 2. Calculation results of aerosol conversion ratio at different specific internal energy cut-off values

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图 3 铀壳体受冲击挤压气化转变过程

Figure 3. Gasification transformation process of uranium shell under impact extrusion

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图 4 压力传播过程（铀壳内径16 mm）

Figure 4. Pressure propagation process (inner diameter: 16 mm)

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图 5 铀壳体气化转变及碎片运动过程

Figure 5. Uranium shell gasification transformation and fragment movement process

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图 6 压力传播过程（铀壳内径26 mm）

Figure 6. Pressure propagation process (inner diameter: 26 mm)

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图 7 爆炸试验容器结构示意图

Figure 7. Structure of the explosive container

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图 8 爆炸装置结构

Figure 8. View of the explosive device

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图 9 药壳质量比与转化率的关系

Figure 9. The relationship between explosive uranium mass ratio and conversion ratio

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表 1 Project Roller Coaster实验状态

Table 1. The status of Project Roller Coaster

试验代号	炸药质量/kg	环境	爆炸烟云高度/m
DT	53.5	钢板上	220
CS1	481.7	混凝土上	710
CS2	1016.9	掩体内	440
CS3	1016.9	掩体内	520

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表 2 铀金属的材料参数

Table 2. Material parameters of uranium metal

弹性模量/GPa	泊松比	密度/（kg·m⁻³）	A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	D_C	ε_d	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
132.6	0.3	19 050	800	684	0.083	0.012	0.3	0	0.0705	1.732	−0.54	−0.0123	0

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表 3 转化率的实验与模拟结果对比(%)

Table 3. Comparison of experimental and simulational results of conversion ratio (%)

实验编号	实验结果	计算结果	绝对误差	实验编号	试验结果	计算结果	绝对误差
1	2.75	2.80	−0.05	6	58.38	61.30	−2.92
2	16.68	16.92	−0.24	7	68.48	67.26	1.22
3	23.03	24.12	−1.09	8	83.75	84.33	−0.58
4	43.87	45.03	−1.16	9	88.91	89.64	−0.73
5	52.29	51.91	0.38	10	92.80	92.85	−0.05

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表 4 不同实验工况下铀气溶胶的质量和转化率

Table 4. Mass and conversion ratio of uranium aerosol among different experiments

试验编号	铀气溶胶质量/g	铀壳质量/g	转化率/%
1	6.2	225.7	2.75
2	34.8	208.6	16.68
3	43.3	187.9	23.03
4	86.3	160.2	43.87
5	67.2	128.5	52.29
6	53.6	91.8	58.38
7	55.2	80.6	68.48
8	48.2	75.6	83.75
9	53.8	60.6	88.91
10	45.7	49.3	92.80

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