Accurate measurements of detonation pressure and detonation reaction zones of several commonly-used explosives
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摘要: 为了获得几种常用炸药的爆压和反应区宽度数据，采用激光干涉测试技术对TNT、PETN、RDX、HMX、TATB和CL-20炸药的稳态爆轰波界面粒子速度进行了测试，获得了高精度的界面粒子速度时程曲线，利用阻抗匹配公式计算得到了炸药的爆压。结果表明：PETN、RDX、HMX和CL-20等理想炸药的界面粒子速度曲线存在较明显的拐点，爆轰反应区较窄，反应时间为7~15 ns。TNT和TATB炸药由于存在碳凝聚慢反应过程，界面粒子速度曲线没有明显的拐点，爆轰反应时间分别为（100±15） ns和（255±20） ns。初步的不确定度分析表明，激光干涉法测试爆压的相对扩展不确定度为4.4%（包含因子k=2）。Abstract: The detonation pressure and detonation reaction zone are important for the detonation performance evaluation of explosives. In order to obtain the reaction zone parameters of several common high explosives, the detonation wave profiles in TNT, PETN, RDX, HMX, TATB and CL-20 based explosives were experimentally measured with photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV). The explosive samples were initiated by explosive plane-wave lenses or a powder gun, and the thickness of the samples was more than 10 mm to insure a stable detonation in the test area. A transparent LiF window covered by a 0.7-μm-thick aluminum reflective coating on the distal side was attached to the explosive sample, and the particle velocity histories of the interface between the explosive and window were measured with PDV. The Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) point was determined by the inflexion point in the corresponding profile or the separation point of the particle velocity histories for samples of different lengths. The CJ pressure was calculated using the impedance matching method. The pressure at the von Neumann (VN) spike was also obtained. The results show that for ideal explosives such as PETN, RDX, HMX and CL-20, the interface particle velocity profiles show a distinct end of the reaction zone, and the detonation reaction zones are narrow. The detonation reaction time is between 7 ns and 15 ns for those ideal explosives. For TNT and TATB based explosives, measurements show an indistinct end of the reaction zone because the reaction of solid carbon formation is slow, and the detonation reaction time is about (100±15) ns and (255±20) ns, respectively. The ratio of the measured spike pressure to CJ pressure of the explosives ranges from 1.22 to 1.46. The analysis indicates that the relative expanded uncertainty of the detonation pressure measured with PDV is 4.4% at k=2, and the uncertainty of the detonation reaction time is 2－4 ns for those ideal explosives or 10－20 ns for those unideal explosives.
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图 1 确定CJ点对应的界面粒子速度的方法
Figure 1. The methods for determining the interfacial particle velocity at the CJ point
图 3 采用FFT得到的TNT炸药爆轰波界面粒子速度谱
Figure 3. Velocity spectrogram of TNT analyzed by the FFT method
图 6 不同厚度的RDX-2炸药样品的界面粒子速度历程
Figure 6. Interface velocity histories for RDX-2 explosive samples with different thicknesses
表 1 炸药反应区参数
Table 1. Detailed parameters for the explosive reaction zone
炸药 组分 ρ0/（g·cm−3） ρTMD/（g·cm−3） DCJ/（m·s−1） τ/ns pCJ/GPa pVN/GPa pVN/ pCJ γ TNT TNT 1.620 1.654 7 005 100±15 20.1 29.4 1.46 2.95 RDX-1 RDX/黏结剂（96.5/3.5） 1.650 1.770 8 187 14±3 27.7 36.0 1.30 2.99 RDX-2 RDX/黏结剂（83/17） 1.650 1.672 8 110 27±5 26.5 35.0 1.32 3.10 RDX-3 RDX 1.490 1.816 7 810 12±3 24.8 2.66 RDX-3 RDX 1.570 1.816 8 092 12±3 27.6 2.72 RDX-3 RDX 1.670 1.816 8 445 12±3 30.4 2.92 PETN RDX/黏结剂 （95/5） 1.645 1.699 8 050 7±2 26.1 37.9 1.45 3.08 HMX HMX/黏结剂 （95/5） 1.860 1.889 8 840 10±2 36.8 48.0 1.30 2.95 TATB TATB/黏结剂（95/5） 1.898 1.915 7 665 255±20 29.3 40.3 1.38 2.81 CL-20 CL-20/黏结剂 （95/5） 1.920 2.010 8 980 15±4 37.9 46.4 1.22 3.09 
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