水下针-板放电气泡脉动及冲击特性

张思远; 刘征; 王志强; 王进君; 李国锋

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2021-0421

水下针-板放电气泡脉动及冲击特性

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2021-0421

大连理工大学电气工程学院，辽宁大连 116024

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（51607023）

详细信息

作者简介:
张思远（1996－　），男，硕士，1390853614@mail.dlut.edu.cn

通讯作者:
王志强（1983－　），男，博士，副教授，wangzq@dlut.edu.cn

中图分类号: O389
计量
- 文章访问数: 587
- HTML全文浏览量: 399
- PDF下载量: 83
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-08
- 修回日期: 2022-03-28
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-29
- 刊出日期: 2022-07-25

Underwater needle-plate electrical bubble pulsation and impact characteristics

School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China

摘要

摘要: 为明确水中脉冲放电能量释放过程所产生气泡的脉动和压力波冲击特性，依据能量等效原则，在LS-DYNA软件中建立针-板电极结构的水下爆轰模型，模拟气泡形态。通过与获取的物理图像比对，发现气泡形态和时间演化尺度高度一致。在此基础上，对气泡的冲击特性进一步分析，结果表明：冲击波峰值、气泡脉动周期和半径大小随放电能量增加而加大，随静水压力的增加而减小；当放电电压由14 kV增至20 kV，二次压力波峰值由2.89 MPa升至4.09 MPa，提高41.5%；当静水压力由202.65 kPa增至506.63 kPa，二次压力波峰值从5.15 MPa升至6.36 MPa，提高23.5%，放电能量和水压的增加对二次压力波提升明显；随着距离增加，二次压力波所占冲击波的峰值压力比重，由12.6%增加至35.3%，远场放电位置二次压力波不可忽视。
- 水中脉冲放电 /
- 气泡脉动 /
- 冲击波释放 /
- 静水压
Abstract: In order to clarify the bubble pulsation process and pressure wave shock characteristics produced in the process of pulse discharge energy release in water, based on the principle of energy equivalence, the liquid-phase pulse energy was transformed into an explosion source with the same energy, and the fluid-structure coupling model of underwater explosion with needle-plate electrode structure was established in LS-DYNA software to simulate the bubble pulsation process on the upper surface of steel substrate. By comparing with the experimental physical images obtained by high-speed photography, it was found that the numerical simulation was highly consistent with the experimental results in terms of bubble morphology and time evolution scales. On this basis, the impact characteristics of the bubbles was further analyzed, and the results show that the maximum impact pressure of the shock wave on the steel base can reach 94.9 MPa when the discharge is carried out with a 4-mm gap at a voltage of 20 kV and a capacitance of 0.8 μF. Besides, the bubble radius, expansion, jet velocity, pulsation period and peak shock wave pressure enhance with the increase of the discharge energy and decrease with the rise of the hydrostatic pressure. Among them, the increase of water pressure has little effect on the bubble expansion rate. The peak value of secondary pressure wave rises from 2.89 MPa to 4.09 MPa with the increase of voltage (14−20 kV), which reaches 41.5%; and up from 5.15 MPa to 6.36 MPa with the rise of hydrostatic pressure (202.65−506.63 kPa), which reaches 23.5%. And the enhancement of discharge energy and water pressure improves the secondary pressure wave significantly. Meanwhile, with the improvement of transmission distance, the proportion of secondary pressure wave in the peak pressure of shock wave rises from 12.6% to 35.3%, and the secondary pressure wave at the far-field discharge location cannot be ignored.
- underwater pulse discharge /
- bubble pulsation /
- shockwave release /
- hydrostatic pressure

HTML全文

图 1 水下气泡脉动及压力释放过程

Figure 1. Underwater bubble pulsation and pressure release process

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 针-板式水下脉冲放电系统

Figure 2. Needle-plate type underwater pulse discharge system

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 20.8 kV电压放电波形

Figure 3. Voltage discharge waveforms of 20.8 kV

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 不同网格尺寸冲击波峰压随相对距离变化

Figure 4. Variation of shock wave peak pressure with relative distance for different grid sizes

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 针-板式反应器结构

Figure 5. Needle-plate reactor structure

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 有限元模型

Figure 6. Finite element model

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 针-板式电极放电气泡脉动实验和数值模拟结果对比

Figure 7. Comparison of experimental and simulation results of bubble pulsation of needle-plate electrode discharge

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 实验与数值模拟的气泡半径演化曲线

Figure 8. Experimental and simulated bubble radius time evolution curves

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 气泡半径随时间的变化

Figure 9. Variations of bubble radius with time

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 气泡脉动、收缩速度曲线

Figure 10. Bubble pulsation, shrinkage speed curves

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 水中压力分布

Figure 11. Pressure distributions in water

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 刚性底座垂向冲击波压力曲线

Figure 12. Rigid base vertical shock wave pressure curves

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 峰值压力随距离的变化

Figure 13. Peak pressure variation with distance

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 气泡最大半径边界处压力曲线

Figure 14. Pressure curve at the level of 3 cm from the source of the explosion

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 不同电压等级下注入效率

Table 1. Injection efficiency at different voltage levels

电压/kV	总能量/J	有效能量/J	注入效率/%
16.3	106.3	19.5	18.3
16.9	114.2	16.2	14.2
17.9	128.2	18.0	14.0
19.1	145.9	23.1	15.8
19.9	158.4	25.4	16.1
20.8	173.1	26.0	15.0

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 TNT炸药状态方程参数设置

Table 2. TNT explosive equation of state parameter setting

材料	ρ/(g·cm⁻³)	D/(m·s⁻¹)	E₀/(kJ·kg⁻¹)	p_CJ /GPa	A/GPa	B/GPa	R₁	R₂	ω
TNT	1.63	6930	8000	21	371.2	3.231	4.15	0.95	0.3

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 水状态方程参数设置

Table 3. Water state equation parameter setting

材料	ρ/(g·cm⁻³)	c/(m·s⁻¹)	E₀/(kJ·kg⁻¹)	S₁	S₂	S₃	γ₀
水	0.998	1480	205	2.56	−1.986	1.226	0.5

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 数值模拟与计算结果对比

Table 4. Comparison of numerical simulation and calculation results

网格尺寸/cm	Bubble pulse		p_max/MPa
网格尺寸/cm	R_max/cm	T/ms	r＝6	r＝12	r＝18	r＝24
0.25	23.9	47.5	268.0	94.2	57.1	38.3	计算结果
0.25	25.8	50.1	244.5	86.7	55.2	39.8	理论结果
偏差	−7.3%	−5.2%	9.6%	8.7%	3.4%	−3.7%

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 不同放电能量、静水压力对应放电条件

Table 5. Different discharge energy, the hydrostatic pressure corresponding to the discharge conditions

放电条件	电压/kV	静水压力/kPa	等效放电能量/J	放电条件	电压/kV	静水压力/kPa	等效放电能量/J
1	14	101.32	10.43	5	20	202.65	21.28
2	16	101.32	13.62	6	20	303.98	21.28
3	18	101.32	17.24	7	20	405.30	21.28
4	20	101.32	21.28	8	20	506.63	21.28

下载: 导出CSV

表 6 不同放电条件下对应气泡半径和气泡脉动周期

Table 6. Bubble radii and pulsation periods under different discharge conditions

放电能量变化					静水压力变化
放电条件	脉动周期/ms		最大半径/cm		放电条件	脉动周期/ms		最大半径/cm
放电条件	一次脉动	二次脉动	一次脉动	二次脉动	放电条件	一次脉动	二次脉动	一次脉动	二次脉动
1	4.08	3.78	2.26	1.87	5	2.94	2.70	2.25	1.89
2	4.45	4.04	2.48	2.09	6	2.14	1.97	1.92	1.61
3	4.77	4.21	2.70	2.26	7	1.71	1.55	1.72	1.43
4	5.04	4.51	2.84	2.40	8	1.44	1.28	1.56	1.30

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(27)

[1]	YAN D, BIAN D C, ZHAO J C, et al. Study of the electrical characteristics, shock-wave pressure characteristics, and attenuation law based on pulse discharge in water [J]. Shock and Vibration, 2016(5). DOI: 10.1155/2016/6412309.
[2]	OSHITA D, HOSSEINI S H R, OKUKA Y, et al. Characteristic of cavitation bubbles and shock waves generated by pulsed electric discharges with different voltages [C]// 2012 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference (IPMHVC). USA: San Diego, 2012: 102–105. DOI: 10.1109/IPMHVC.2012.6518690.
[3]	HIGA O, MATSUBARA R, HIGA K, et al. Mechanism of the shock wave generation and energy efficiency by underwater discharge [J]. The International Journal of Multiphysics, 2012, 6(2): 89–97. DOI: 10.1260/1750-9548.6.2.89.
[4]	COLE P. 水下爆炸 [M]. 罗耀杰, 译. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 1960: 2–6.
[5]	孙冰. 液相放电等离子体及其应用 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2013: 120–127.
[6]	李显东, 刘毅, 李志远, 等. 不均匀电场下水中脉冲放电观测及沉积能量对激波的影响 [J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(10): 3028–3036. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.160315. LI X D, LIU Y, LI Z Y, et al. Observation of underwater pulse discharge and influence of deposited energy on shock wave in non-uniform electric Field [J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(10): 3028–3036. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.160315.
[7]	LI N, HUANG J G, LEI K Z, et al. The characteristic of the bubble generated by underwater high-voltage discharge [J]. Journal of Electrostatics, 2011, 69(4): 291–295. DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2011.04.004.
[8]	ZOHOOR M, MOUSAVI S M. Experimental analysis and smoothed particle hydrodynamics modeling of electrohydraulic forming of sheet metal parts [J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2018, 35(10): 16–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.06.039.
[9]	MAMUTOV A V, GOLOVASHCHENKO S F, MAMUTOV V S, et al. Modeling of electrohydraulic forming of sheet metal parts [J]. Journal of Materials Processing Tech, 2015, 219: 84–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.11.045.
[10]	HIDEKI H, SEISAKU I, HIRONORI M, et al. Propagation of underwater shock wave and gas bubble behavior induced by electrical discharge in water [J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014, 566: 403–408. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.566.403.
[11]	CHANG J S, URASHIMA K, UCHIDA Y, et al. Characteristics of pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharges and their application to water treatments [J]. Tokyo Denki University Engineering Research, 2002, 50(11): 1–12.
[12]	KOSENKOV V M, BYCHKOV V M. Influence of some axially symmetric stepped forms of discharge chambers on the efficiency of electrohydraulic forming [J]. Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry, 2019, 55(1): 89–96. DOI: 10.3103/S1068375519010113.
[13]	刘毅, 李志远, 李显东, 等. 水中脉冲激波对模拟岩层破碎试验 [J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(24): 71–78. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.2016.24.008. LIU Y, LI Z Y. LI X D, et al. Experiments on the fracture of simulated stratum by underwater pulsed discharge shock waves [J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(24): 71–78. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.2016.24.008.
[14]	王志强, 曹云霄, 邢政伟, 等. 高压脉冲放电破碎菱镁矿石的实验研究 [J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(4): 863–870. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.180109. WANG Z Q, CAO Y X, XING Z W, et al. Experimental study on fragmentation of magnesite ores by pulsed high-voltage discharge [J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2019, 34(4): 863–870. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.180109.
[15]	刘毅, 李志远, 李显东, 等. 水中大电流脉冲放电激波影响因素分析 [J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(9): 2741–2749. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.160417. LIU Y, LI Z Y, LI X D, et al. Effect factors of the characteristics of shock waves induced by underwater high current pulsed discharge [J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(9): 2741–2749. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.160417.
[16]	刘强, 孙鹞鸿. 水中脉冲电晕放电等离子体特性及气泡运动 [J]. 高电压技术, 2006, 32(2): 54–56. DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.2006.02.022. LIU Q, SUN Y H. Plasma characteristics of pulsed corona discharge in water and moving process of the bubble [J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2006, 32(2): 54–56. DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.2006.02.022.
[17]	刘振, 管显涛, 张允, 等. 水下放电同相位多气泡动力学实验研究 [J]. 高电压技术, 2021, 47(9): 3337–3345. DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.20201146. LIU Z, GUAN X T, ZHANG Y, et al. Experimental study on the dynamics of multiple bubbles in the same phase of underwater discharge [J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2021, 47(9): 3337–3345. DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.20201146.
[18]	荀涛, 杨汉武, 张建德, 等. 加速器电水锤数值模拟与实验研究 [J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2010, 22(2): 425–429. DOI: 10.3788/HPLPB20102202.0425. XUN T, YANG H W, ZHANG J D, et al. Numerical and experimental investigation on water shocks due to pulsed discharge in accelerators [J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2010, 22(2): 425–429. DOI: 10.3788/HPLPB20102202.0425.
[19]	LI X W, Chao Y C, Wu J, et al. Study of the shock waves characteristics generated by underwater electrical wire explosion [J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2015, 118(2): 023301. DOI: 10.1063/1.4926374.
[20]	MARTIN E A. Experimental investigation of a high-energy density, high-pressure arc plasma [J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1960, 31(2): 255–267. DOI: 10.1063/1.1735555.
[21]	刘明光, 颜怀梁, 温光一. 电水锤效应及其应用 [J]. 四川工业学院学报, 1989, 8(3): 188–193. LIU M G, YAN H L, WEN G Y. Electrohydraulig effect and applications [J]. Sichuan University of Science and Technology, 1989, 8(3): 188–193.
[22]	BLUHN H, FREY W, GIESE H, et al. Application of pulsed HV discharges to material fragmentation and recycling [J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2000, 7(5): 625–636. DOI: 10.1109/94.879358.
[23]	王志凯, 周鹏, 孙波, 等. 气泡及其破碎兴波对浮动冲击平台影响探究 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2019, 39(9): 093201. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2018-0212. WANG Z K, ZHOU P, SUN B, et al. Influence of bubbles and breaking waves on floating shock platform [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2019, 39(9): 093201. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2018-0212.
[24]	邓贵德. 离散多层爆炸容器内爆载荷和抗爆特性研究 [D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2008: 35–37.
[25]	WANG J, GUO J, YAO X L, et al. Dynamic buckling of stiffened plates subjected to explosion impact loads [J]. Shock Waves, 2017(1): 37–52. DOI: 10.1007/s00193-016-0638-z.
[26]	SILVANO B, GIOVANNI B C. Implosion of an underwater spark-generated bubble and acoustic energy evaluation using the Rayleigh model [J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2002, 111(6): 2594–2600. DOI: 10.1121/1.1476919.
[27]	MOEZZI-RAFIE H, NASIRI M M. An investigation on the flow physics of bubble implosion using numerical techniques [J]. Ocean Engineering, 2018, 153(4): 185–192. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.01.094.