Influence of kerosene droplet diameters on the flow field of a two-phase rotating detonation engine
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摘要: 为探究煤油液滴不同初始直径对气液两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响，假设初始注入的煤油液滴具有均匀直径，考虑雾化破碎、蒸发等过程，建立了非定常两相爆轰的Eulerian-Lagrangian模型，进行了液态煤油/高温空气爆轰的非预混二维数值模拟。结果表明：在初始液滴直径为1~70 μm的工况范围，燃烧室内均形成了单个稳定传播的旋转爆轰波；全局当量比为1时，爆轰波前的空气区域大于液滴煤油的蒸气区域，导致波前燃料空气混合不均匀，波前均存在富油区和贫油区，两相速度差导致分离出的空气形成低温条带；当煤油液滴的初始直径较小时，波前的反应物混合过程主要受蒸发的影响，爆轰波可稳定传播；当直径减小至1 μm时，煤油液滴在入口处即蒸发，旋转爆轰波表现为气相传播的特性，爆轰波结构平整；当煤油液滴的初始直径较大时，波前的反应物混合过程主要受液滴破碎的影响；对于相同的燃料质量流量，在不同初始煤油液滴直径工况下，煤油液滴最大的停留时间均占爆轰波传播时间尺度的80%以上；爆轰波前燃料预蒸发为气相的占比越高，爆轰波的传播速度越高；初始液滴直径为10~70 μm的工况范围内，爆轰波的速度随初始直径的增大先升高后降低。Abstract: To investigate the influence of the initial droplet diameter on the flow field of gas-liquid two-phase rotating detonation engine, an Eulerian-Lagrangian model of unsteady two-phase detonation is established based on the assumption of an initially uniform droplet diameter and considering atomization and evaporation processes. Non-premixed two-dimensional numerical simulations of detonation for liquid kerosene and high temperature air mixture are conducted. The results show that a single stable rotating detonation wave is formed in the initial droplet diameter range of 1–70 μm. For the global equivalent ratio of 1, the air area before the detonation wave front is larger than the vapor area of kerosene droplets, resulting in inhomogeneous mixing before the wave front. Both oil-rich and oil-poor areas form before the wave front. Due to the speed difference between two phases of the gas and droplets, the air is separated to form a low-temperature strip. When the initial diameter of kerosene droplets is small, the mixing process of reactants is mainly affected by evaporation and the detonation wave propagates stably. When the initial droplet diameter is reduced to 1 μm, evaporation occurs at the entrance, and the rotating detonation flow field shows the characteristics of gas phase propagation, and the structure of the detonation wave is smooth. When the initial diameter of kerosene droplets is relatively large, the mixing process of reactants before the wave front is mainly affected by droplet break-up. For the same fuel mass flow rate with different initial droplet diameters, the maximum residence time of kerosene droplets accounts for more than 80% of the detonation wave propagation time and the detonation velocity increases with the increased ratio of gaseous part of the fuel. The velocity of the detonation wave increases first and then decreases with the increased initial droplet diameter in the range of 10–70 μm.
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Key words:
- rotating detonation engine /
- gas-liquid two-phase flow /
- combustion /
- droplet diameters
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图 2 初始直径为30 μm的DPM体积分数等值线分布
Figure 2. Contours of DPM volume fraction at an initial diameter of 30 μm
图 4 初始液滴直径50 μm的温度和压力等值线分布
Figure 4. Contours of temperature and pressure at an initial droplet diameter of 50 μm
图 7 煤油蒸气质量分数和液滴分布
Figure 7. Mass fraction of kerosene vapor and distribution of droplets
图 8 初始液滴直径为50 μm的O2、N2和CO2质量分数等值线分布
Figure 8. Contours of mass fractions of O2, N2 and CO2 at an initial droplet diameter of 50 μm
图 9 初始液滴直径50 μm的爆轰波前当量比等值线分布
Figure 9. Contours of equivalence ratios before the detonation wave at an initial droplet diameter of 50 μm
图 11 初始液滴直径50 μm液滴直径等值线分布
Figure 11. Contours of the droplet diameter at an initial droplet diameter of 50 μm
图 12 初始液滴直径50 μm的液滴停留时间等值线分布
Figure 12. Contours of the droplet residence time at an initial droplet diameter of 50 μm
图 13 初始液滴直径1 μm的温度和压力等值线分布
Figure 13. Contours of temperature and pressure at an initial droplet diameter of 1 μm
图 14 不同初始液滴直径的液滴直径等值线分布
Figure 14. Droplet diameter distribution for different initial droplet diameters
图 15 液滴平均直径随初始液滴直径变化的函数分布
Figure 15. Droplet mean diameter as a function of the initial droplet diameter
图 16 爆轰波速度、温度和压力随初始液滴直径变化的分布函数
Figure 16. Detonation wave velocity, temperature and pressure as functions of the initial droplet diameter
图 17 初始液滴直径为30 μm工况的蒸发效率分布
Figure 17. Distribution of evaporation efficiency for an initial droplet diameter of 30 μm
图 18 平均蒸发效率、爆轰波速度与初始液滴直径的关系
Figure 18. Average evaporation efficiency and detonation wave velocity as functions of the initial droplet diameter
A b α E/(kJ·mol−1) β R/(J·mol−1·K−1) 2.587×109 0 0.25 125.6 0.15 8.314 
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表 2 煤油液滴注入参数
Table 2. Injection parameters of kerosene droplets
工况 全局当量比 煤油质量流量/（kg·s−1） 初始液滴直径/μm 液滴注入速度/（m·s−1） 液滴温度/K 1 1 2.056 2 1 50 300 2 1 2.056 2 10 50 300 3 1 2.056 2 20 50 300 4 1 2.056 2 30 50 300 5 1 2.056 2 40 50 300 6 1 2.056 2 50 50 300 7 1 2.056 2 70 50 300
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表 3 不同网格尺寸计算所得的爆轰波平均速度、温度和反应区宽度
Table 3. Average velocity, temperature and reaction zone of detonation waves calculated for different cell sizes
网格单元尺寸/mm 爆轰波平均速度/(m∙s−1) 温度/K 反应区宽度/mm 0.20 1 170 2 509 0.70 0.25 1 160 2 500 0.75 0.40 1 200 2 543 0.85 0.50 1 240 2 482 1.00
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表 4 不同初始直径的液滴最大停留时间和爆轰波周期
Table 4. Maximum residence time of droplets and detonation cycle time for different droplet diameters
初始液滴
直径/μm最大停留
时间/μs爆轰波
周期/μs最大停留时间与爆轰波
周期的比值/%10 80.0 96.5 82.9 20 79.0 91.7 86.2 30 85.0 94.8 89.7 40 86.0 94.8 90.7 50 86.9 96.5 90.1 70 84.5 96.5 87.6
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