A review of sacrificial claddings in multilayer protective structure
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摘要: 成层式防护结构通常由伪装层、遮弹层、分散层和主体结构组成,现已被广泛应用于地面、浅埋以及坑道口部的防御工事中。其中分散层作为降低侵彻后爆炸毁伤效应的功能单元,其作用机理主要包括:借助波阻抗失配效应以降低向下部结构传播的能量占比、延长应力波传播路径;利用分层界面产生面波以改善荷载集中状态;通过基体材料不可逆塑性破坏以吸收耗散冲击波能量;增大结构阻尼以减轻主体结构震动效应。开展分散层的相关研究,对提高工程整体防护水平具有重要的现实意义。基于此,从分散层材料与结构型式两个方面较为系统地介绍了国内外成层式防护结构中分散层的研究现状,分析了分散层的结构及物性参数对其防护效能的影响,提出分散层选型及设计需关切的几点问题,并对目前分散层研究中存在的问题进行了探讨与展望,以期为今后分散层的研究发展提供参考。Abstract: The multilayer protective structure has been widely used in fortifications located above-ground, shallow burial, and tunnel entrances. And this type of structure usually consists of four parts: camouflage layer, shelter layer, sacrifice layer and protection structure. Among them, the sacrifice layer is the main functional unit to reduce the damage effect of strong explosion after penetration. Its action mechanism mainly includes: reducing the proportion of energy propagating to the substructure and extending the propagation path of stress wave by means of the wave impedance mismatch effect; using the layered interface to generate surface waves to reduce the load concentration; absorbing and dissipating shock wave energy through irreversible plastic failure of the matrix material; increasing the structural damping to reduce the vibration effect of the protection structure. Thus, it is of great practical significance to carry out relevant research to improve the overall level of engineering protection. Taking the materials and structure of sacrifice layer as clues, the current status of research on sacrifice layer in multilayer protective structure at home and abroad is systematically sorted out. On this basis, the influence of structural parameters such as the density, wave impedance, thickness, unit shapes and sizes, moisture content and other physical parameters of the sacrifice layer on the protective performance is analyzed. Moreover, several issues that need to be considered in the selection and design of the sacrifice layer are proposed. The perfect sacrifice layer should be economical, reliable, and have a low wave impedance, sufficient static compressive strength and a certain yield strength, which be able to undergo a large plastic deformation under the condition that the yield stress remains essentially constant. Finally, the problems existing in the current research on the sacrifice layer are discussed and prospected, in order to provide a reference for the research and development of the sacrifice layer in the future.
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动能穿甲弹的穿甲能力取决于材料强度、质量以及撞击速度等多种因素。在现代穿甲技术中,钨合金和贫铀合金是2种常用的弹芯材料,然而它们在应用过程中均存在不足:钨合金弹体在穿甲过程中因材料具有良好的塑性,弹头易形成类似“蘑菇头”的膨胀结构,这种结构会增大穿甲阻力,进而削弱穿甲效果[1];贫铀合金弹体则常发生“自锐”现象[2],即弹头前端保持尖锐,但贫铀材料伴随的放射性限制了其应用[3]。鉴于上述瓶颈,20余年来,军事领域一直致力于探索对人和环境无放射性危害且具有“自锐”特性的新型动能穿甲弹芯材料,其中钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料具有巨大潜力[4]。该复合材料弹体得益于其金属玻璃(metallic glass,MG)基体的高剪切敏感性[5-6],在侵彻/穿甲过程中弹头易呈现出尖锐构型,即“自锐”行为,其侵彻/穿甲能力得到明显提升[7-21]。
一般而言,侵彻/穿甲试验成本高昂,且试验难以捕捉撞击过程中弹靶的变形和破坏细节,也难以测量高速冲击条件下弹体的应力-应变情况。随着计算机技术和材料动态本构模型的发展,有限元模拟已成为侵彻/穿甲试验的良好补充,有助于更深入的机理研究[15-16, 22-24]。Li等[25-26]引入材料微结构自由体积参量,以准确描述金属玻璃基体特有的高强度和高剪切敏感性,进一步发展了热力耦合本构模型,并根据钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料的细观结构建立了弹体有限元模型,基于相关穿甲试验,开展了复合材料长杆弹在正侵彻条件下侵彻/穿甲钢靶的有限元模拟,分析了复合材料弹体的“自锐”机理,并系统地探讨了多个关键因素对复合材料弹体“自锐”行为的影响。
在实际工程应用中,动能穿甲弹受发射条件和装甲结构设计等因素的影响,对目标的打击多为斜撞击而非理想的正撞击。在斜撞击过程中,弹体受到靶板的非对称作用力,其弹道特征可能出现偏转甚至跳弹现象[27-28]。然而,对于钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料长杆弹斜撞击靶板过程中,弹体在非对称作用力下的变形和破坏特征及其“自锐”特性将可能与正撞击情形截然不同,试验[9]也显示,相较于正撞击,斜撞击条件下复合材料弹体的侵彻/穿甲性能降低,有必要开展进一步研究。
基于Li等[15-16, 22-23]、陈建良等[24]提出的有限元模拟方法,结合相关侵彻/穿甲试验,针对钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料和钨合金材料2种材质的长杆弹开展斜侵彻/穿甲钢靶的三维有限元模拟分析,研究2种材质弹体在斜侵彻过程中的弹靶变形和破坏特征,并对比复合材料弹体在正/斜侵彻条件下的“自锐”特征和弹道行为,分析不同撞击速度下撞击倾角对复合材料长杆弹“自锐”行为、侵彻/穿甲性能及相应弹道特征等的影响。
1. 有限元模型
1.1 几何模型
参考相关穿甲试验[9],采用弹道炮发射
∅ 8 mm×88 mm的复合材料弹体和钨合金弹体,正/斜侵彻50 mm厚的30CrMnMo钢靶。复合材料弹体的形貌如图1所示,弹体头部为半球形,弹体中增强钨纤维体积约占80%,直径约为0.3 mm。弹体斜侵彻/穿甲靶板的初始状态如图2所示,其中:D 为弹体直径;L 为弹体长度;v0 为弹体的初始速度;靶板倾角θ 为靶体表面法线方向与弹体初始速度方向的夹角;H 为靶板厚度(试验中,H =50 mm);S 为斜侵彻/穿甲时的靶板有效厚度,S=H/cosθ 。对于复合材料弹体正侵彻/穿甲靶板,二维数值模拟能够描述弹靶变形和破坏的主要特征[15-16, 22-24]。针对斜撞击条件,本文中,将开展三维模拟分析。考虑到弹靶结构和撞击条件的平面对称特征,为减小计算规模,数值模型将采用1/2弹靶结构。复合材料弹体的三维有限元模型如图3(a)所示,其中:MG matrix为金属玻璃基体,WF为钨纤维。弹体和靶板网格均采用八节点六面体单元进行划分,网格尺寸约为75 μm,网格之间以共节点的方式进行固接,弹身横截面的网格划分如图3(b)所示。Zhang等[29]的研究表明,钨纤维与金属玻璃基体之间的界面结合良好,扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)直观地显示了实际复合材料的横截面(图3(c))。由图3(a)~(c)可知,所构建的有限元模型能够准确描述复合材料的细观结构特征,验证了模型的准确性。
对钨合金弹体进行数值模拟时,将复合材料弹体模型中的基体材料替换为钨合金材料即可。
1.2 材料本构模型
1.2.1 金属玻璃材料
Li等[25-26]推导的三维修正热力耦合本构模型综合考虑了多种因素对金属玻璃变形和破坏的影响,如应变率、自由体积浓度、温度、应力以及静水应力等,从而能够准确描述金属玻璃材料在不同应变率和初始温度下的力学行为特性。试验弹体中,金属玻璃基体的本构模型参数如表1所示,其中:
˙ε 为应变率,Λc 为压缩条件下的静水应力敏感因子,Λt 为拉伸条件下的静水应力敏感因子。参量 符号 单位 数值 弹性模量 E GPa 96 泊松比 ν 0.36 密度 ρ kg/m3 6125 熔化温度 Tm K 993 玻璃转变温度 Tg K 625 初始温度 T0 K 300 比定容热容 cV J/(kg·K) 400 临界体积 v* m3 2.0×10−29 平均原子体积 Ω m3 2.5×10−29 原子振动频率 f s−1 1×1013 临界破坏自由体积浓度 ξc 0.065 初始自由体积浓度 ξ0 0.05 运动激活能 ΔGm eV ΔGm(˙ε) 几何因子 α 0.05 所需跃迁次数 nD 3 静水应力敏感因子 Λ 0.05(Λc) 0.35(Λt) 1.2.2 金属材料
30CrMnMo钢靶、钨合金弹体以及复合材料弹体中的增强钨纤维等均为常规的晶态合金材料。为了描述高应变率下合金材料的力学行为,综合Johnson-Cook本构模型[30]和累积损伤失效模型[31]来表征金属材料的力学性能,采用Grüneisen状态方程[32]来描述穿甲过程中金属材料的压力状态。钨合金和30CrMnMo钢的Johnson-Cook模型参数如表2所示,其中:
˙ε0 为参考应变率,Tr为参考温度,A为参考应变率条件下的屈服强度,B为应变硬化系数,C为应变率敏感系数,m为温度敏感系数,n为应变硬化指数,D1~D5为材料损伤参数,c0为体积声速,S1为vs-vp曲线斜率的系数(vs为冲击波速度,vp为粒子速度),γ0为Grüneisen系数,a为对γ0的一阶体积修正。其他材料模型参数可参考文献[15-16, 22-23]。表 2 金属材料的Johnson-Cook模型参数Table 2. Johnson-Cook model parameters of metallic materials材料 ρ/(kg·m−3) ν E/GPa ˙ε0/s−1 Tr/K Tm/K cV/(J·kg−1·K−1) 95W钨合金 17900 0.28 410 1 300 1752 134 30CrMnMo钢 7850 0.29 200 1 300 1793 477 材料 A/MPa B/MPa C m n D1 D2 95W钨合金 1650 450 0.016 1.00 0.12 3.00 0 30CrMnMo钢 1200 310 0.014 1.03 0.26 3.20 0 材料 D3 D4 D5 c0/(m·s−1) S1 γ0 a 95W钨合金 0 0 0 3850 1.44 1.58 0 30CrMnMo钢 0 0 0 4578 1.38 1.67 0.47 2. 模型验证及讨论
Li等[15]对文献[9]中的弹体正侵彻进行了模拟分析,本文中,对文献[9]中的2种斜侵彻试验进行数值模拟,试验和模拟结果如表3所示,其中:带“*”号数据是从文献中的图直接测量得到。
倾角θ=50°、撞击速度v0=
1235.1 m/s时,钨合金弹斜侵彻靶板的最终弹靶变形和破坏形貌如图4所示,其中:图4(a)~(c)分别为靶板纵截面、正面和背面的数值模拟结果,图4(d)~(e)分别为实际靶板正面和背面的最终形貌。可以看出,数值模拟结果中,靶板前端的椭圆形开孔和花瓣形撕裂形貌、靶板后端的隆起鼓包形貌等均与试验结果较为相符,侵彻深度和剩余弹长的模拟值与试验值也较一致(表3)。由于钨合金弹体具有良好的塑性,在侵彻过程中其头部发生镦粗变形,导致靶板内形成的弹孔直径相较于原始弹体直径明显增大,特别是在靶板的开坑区域,由于倾斜撞击作用,靶板的开孔口径显著增大,约为弹径的3倍,且靶孔呈现显著的非对称特征,下端孔口相对光滑而上端孔口发生显著的花瓣形撕裂(图4(a)~(b))。另外,受靶板两侧的挤压和摩擦作用,弹体发生质量侵蚀,即弹体碎片自弹头外边缘剥落并向后端流出,碎片的外流也表现出非对称特征,主要沿靶孔上表面流出(图4(a))。由于弹头镦粗变形导致较大的侵彻阻力,钨合金弹体未能穿透靶板,而是在靶板背面形成较大鼓包,其侵彻能力与钨合金弹在θ=0°(正侵彻)、v0=1076.2 m/s条件下的侵彻能力相近(表3);弹体侵蚀也较严重,剩余弹体长度仅为12.8 mm。特别地,由于斜侵彻(θ=50°),弹体在侵彻后期临近穿透靶板时,靶板背面施加于弹体的侵彻阻力并不对称,导致弹道轨迹偏转,同时弹体自身发生明显弯曲,弹头的镦粗变形也呈现出非对称特征(图4(a))。θ=50°、v0=
1263.9 m/s时,复合材料弹体斜侵彻钢靶的最终弹靶变形和破坏形貌如图5所示,结合表3中的侵彻深度和剩余弹长可知,数值模拟与试验结果符合较好。与图4中的钨合金弹斜侵彻相比,弹体在侵彻初期的镦粗变形程度减弱,进而导致靶板前端的开孔口径减小(图5(a)),上端孔口的花瓣形撕裂程度也减弱;在随后的侵彻过程中,复合材料弹体头部发生显著的剪切“自锐”行为,弹头表现为尖头构型,并导致靶板孔径减小,基本与弹径相当;在侵彻后期临近穿透靶板时,受靶板背面的非对称侵彻阻力作用,弹道轨迹偏转,弹头的锐化尖头构型也呈现出非对称特征(图5(a)),但弹体自身未弯曲。由于复合材料弹体的“自锐”行为,其受到的靶板阻力小于钨合金弹工况,因此,弹体侵彻性能显著提高,在相近的撞击速度下直接穿透靶板,同时弹体侵蚀程度也有所减小,剩余长度约为14.5 mm,比钨合金弹工况下的剩余弹长(12.8 mm)长。钨合金弹和复合材料弹在不同撞击倾角和速度下的残余弹体形貌如图6~7所示。可以看出,在正侵彻条件下,2种材质弹体的后端部分均较好地保持了初始形态,未出现明显变形;对于弹体头部,钨合金弹头镦粗为“蘑菇头”形状,临近弹头的弹身直径也明显增大(图6(a)~(b)和(d)),而复合材料弹头在“边缘层”[11, 14]区域锐化为尖头结构,且尖头结构后端区域的弹身与初始形貌基本相同(图7(a)~(b)和(d))。在斜侵彻条件下,因为侵彻后期的弹道轨迹偏转,2种弹体的后端区域均与靶板发生碰撞和摩擦作用,进而产生变形和破坏,钨合金弹体甚至发生了一定程度的弯曲(图6(c));对于弹体头部,钨合金弹头也镦粗为“蘑菇头”形状(图6(c)),复合材料弹头锐化为尖头构型(图7(c)),且二者均呈现出显著的非对称特征,与正侵彻工况明显不同,结合图4(a)和图5(a)可知,钨合金弹和复合材料弹头部的变形主要发生在与靶孔下表面接触的区域,即弹头的非对称变形和破坏形貌主要源于靶板作用的非对称特征。
3. 复合材料弹体斜侵彻/穿甲的“自锐”机理
本节进一步分析斜侵彻/穿甲条件下复合材料弹体的变形和破坏特征,详细讨论其独特的“自锐”行为及作用机制,并与钨合金弹进行对比。
钨合金弹(θ=50°,v0=
1235.1 m/s)斜侵彻50 mm厚的30CrMnMo钢靶时,弹靶内部的塑性应变发展历程如图8所示。可以看出,在斜侵彻的开坑阶段,由于钨合金具有较高的塑性,并且弹体受到靶板施加的非对称侵彻阻力,因此,弹头材料主要向阻力较小的上侧发生侵蚀和流动,初始的半球形弹头发生非对称镦粗变形,其上侧区域的镦粗程度显著大于下侧区域,导致靶板前端的靶孔直径远大于弹径,也呈现出显著的非对称特征(图8(a))。随后,弹头完全侵入靶板,此时弹体受到的靶板阻力较为对称,弹头的镦粗逐渐呈现出相对对称的“蘑菇头”形状,但形貌的对称程度较正侵彻/穿甲工况(图6(b))有所降低,该侵彻过程相对稳定,受靶板两侧的挤压作用,弹头材料从镦粗的“蘑菇头”两侧侵蚀剥落并向弹体后端流失,靶板孔径较初期开坑阶段明显减小(图8(b))。弹体临近靶板后端时,由于弹体前端的靶体材料厚度显著降低,使得靶板的变形模式转变为薄靶的整体响应,靶板背面开始出现鼓包变形;类似地,由于靶板倾斜放置,靶板后端未侵蚀区域的厚度不均匀,后端的鼓包变形不对称,靶体材料施加到弹体的侵彻阻力也不对称,弹道轨迹向侵彻阻力较小的下侧发生偏转,同时弹体发生一定程度的弯曲变形(图8(c)~(d)),弹头的镦粗变形再次呈现出非对称特征(图6(c))。相应地,弹体弯曲变形和弹道偏转进一步增大了弹体的侵彻阻力,且靶板倾斜放置增加了有效厚度,弹体最终未能穿透靶板,弹体侵蚀也更为严重,剩余弹长进一步减小(表3)。复合材料弹(θ=50°,v0=
1263.9 m/s)斜侵彻50 mm厚的30CrMnMo钢靶时弹靶内部的塑性应变发展历程如图9所示。在斜侵彻开坑阶段,同样受到靶板的非对称侵彻阻力,弹头材料也主要向上侧侵蚀和流动,弹头发生非对称的镦粗变形,导致靶板前端形成相对较大的孔径(图9(a)),但弹头的镦粗程度和靶板的孔径均明显小于钨合金弹工况(图8(a))。主要原因在于,高速冲击下,复合材料弹体中的金属玻璃基体具有极高的强度和剪切敏感性[15-16, 22-23, 28-29],在破坏之前可较好地约束钨纤维的变形,而在损伤破坏之后,其局域化剪切带或剪切裂纹对钨纤维产生强烈冲击,导致弹头前端形成一个“边缘层”[15-16],“边缘层”内的钨纤维受靶板的侧向挤压而迅速发生剪切破坏并从弹体剥落,因此,弹头的镦粗程度相对较弱。在随后的弹头完全侵入靶板的过程中,靶板的阻力逐渐对称,弹头的非对称变形和破坏特征减弱,弹头逐渐“自锐”为尖头结构(图9(b)),但形貌的对称程度较正侵彻/穿甲工况(图7(b))有所降低,相应地,侵彻过程中靶板的孔径逐渐与弹径相当。在弹体临近靶板后端时,靶板背面也发生不对称的鼓包变形,导致弹道轨迹向靶板下侧偏转,同时弹体发生弯曲变形,且弹头的“自锐”变形再次呈现非对称特征(图9(c)~(d)),由于弹体内金属玻璃基体的高强度和高硬度,弹体的弯曲程度较钨合金弹工况有所降低(图8(c))。由于弹头锐化导致侵彻阻力较低,弹体的侵彻能力提升,最终穿透靶板(图5(a)),弹体侵蚀程度严重,剩余弹长明显减小(表3),弹体最终的尖头形貌呈现出显著的非对称特征(图7(c))。图10为2种弹体斜侵彻后靶孔最终的轮廓形貌。可以看出:对于2种弹体,靶板的弹道形貌均表现出靶板前端面区域的开坑和临近后端面区域的弹道偏转特性;在整个侵彻过程中,钨合金弹形成的靶板孔径均大于复合材料弹形成的靶板孔径,前者约为后者的1.4倍,钨合金弹体的侵彻深度小于复合材料弹体的侵彻深度。相关差异也主要源于钨合金弹体的头部镦粗变形和复合材料弹体的“自锐”行为。
在弹体侵彻/穿甲过程中,弹体速度是靶板对弹体产生阻力的一个重要参量。图11给出了2种弹体在不同穿甲条件下的速度变化曲线。由图11和表3可知:撞击倾角一致时,侵彻前期,2种弹体的速度变化几乎一致;但在侵彻后期,钨合金弹体的速度下降明显快于复合材料弹体,这主要归因于复合材料弹的头部展现出的“自锐”特性,使得弹体在侵彻时所受阻力显著小于弹头呈镦粗状态的钨合金弹体。另外,相较于正侵彻/穿甲,斜侵彻/穿甲工况下弹体速度下降更快,这主要源于在斜侵彻/穿甲过程中弹头的非均匀变形和弹道弯曲特征。
综上所述,长杆弹斜撞击时,在开坑阶段,受到靶板的非对称阻力,弹头材料向阻力较小的一侧侵蚀和流动,进而导致弹头发生非对称的镦粗变形;在随后相对稳定的侵彻过程中,弹头的非对称变形和破坏特征逐渐减弱,且复合材料弹头开始发生“自锐”行为;在侵彻后期,弹道轨迹向靶板阻力较小的一侧偏转,同时弹体发生弯曲变形,弹头结构的非对称特征再次增强。相较于正撞击,斜侵彻/穿甲工况下,由于受力的非对称性,复合材料弹头的“自锐”特征减弱,易发生非对称变形和破坏,弹体侵蚀和弹道偏转明显加剧。在相同斜撞击工况下,复合材料弹的头部镦粗、弯曲变形和弹道偏转等均小于钨合金弹,其侵彻/穿甲性能仍高于钨合金弹。
4. 撞击倾角对复合材料弹体“自锐”行为和弹道特征的影响
如上所述,复合材料弹在斜侵彻/穿甲过程中将受到非对称的靶板阻力,进而导致与正侵彻/穿甲情形显著不同的弹头“自锐”特征和弹道特性。不同的撞击倾角下,弹体在开坑阶段和后期穿靶阶段受到靶板上下两侧所施加的阻力差异将有所不同,这可能使得弹靶的变形和破坏特征以及弹道偏转产生显著差别,最终导致不同的侵彻/穿甲性能。为了分析撞击倾角的影响,选取v0=857.5 m/s为典型中低速撞击速度,v0=
1263.9 m/s为典型高速撞击速度,模拟撞击倾角θ在0°~70°范围内复合材料弹体撞击钢靶的全过程。θ=30°时,2种典型速度下复合材料弹体撞击钢靶的弹靶变形和破坏历程如图12所示。由图12(a)~(c)可知,高速侵彻时,因基体材料的屈服强度较高,基体材料在破坏之前对钨纤维形成较强约束,使得在开坑阶段,弹头区域材料的侵蚀较小,基体材料破坏后其内部剪切带或剪切裂纹快速切断临近钨纤维,使其向后端流失,因此,弹头的镦粗变形并不明显(图12(a))。在后续侵彻过程中,随着靶板上下两侧的挤压作用逐渐对称,弹头的镦粗变形程度降低,结构的非对称性程度减弱(图12(b))。在后期弹体临近靶板后端时,由于靶板的倾斜放置,靶板后端的隆起鼓包呈非对称性,靶板两侧对弹头的挤压作用也不对称,使得弹头上侧表现为剪切破坏,而下侧钨纤维难以被切断,弹头又呈现出一定程度的非对称镦粗变形(图12(c))。此外,在高速侵彻过程中,侵彻初期弹体头部承受非对称阻力作用的时间较短,并且弹头镦粗程度较低,导致靶板阻力较小,因此,弹道的偏转程度较低,总体来说相对笔直(图12(c))。
如图12(d)~(f)所示,中低速侵彻时,金属玻璃基体对钨纤维的前期约束作用和后期冲击剪切作用减弱,使得弹头明显镦粗,同时弹头承受非对称阻力作用的时间较长,弹头的镦粗变形呈现出显著的非对称特征,且弹道也开始发生偏转(图12(d))。在后续侵彻过程中,弹头的镦粗程度和非对称特征减弱,但弹道持续偏转(图12(e))。在后期,弹头发生“自锐”行为,锐化的尖头构型呈现非对称特征,弹道继续偏转,弹体整体侵蚀程度严重(图12(f))。相较于高速侵彻,中低速侵彻时,复合材料弹体的侵彻能力显著降低。
θ取50°和70°、v0取
1263.9 和857.5 m/s时,复合材料弹体撞击钢靶的最终弹靶变形和破坏形貌如图13所示。由图13(b)可知,θ=50°、v0=857.5 m/s时,弹道严重偏转,弹体严重侵蚀破坏,未形成有效侵彻。θ=70°工况下,弹体的侵彻性能进一步衰减,v0=1263.9 m/s时,弹道严重偏转(图13(c)),v0=857.5 m/s时,弹体直接跳飞(图13(d))。图14给出了复合材料弹体以不同撞击速度和撞击倾角侵彻/穿甲钢靶后靶板孔洞的轮廓形貌,相应的剩余弹体形貌和弹体速度变化历程曲线如图15~16所示。θ=70°时,弹体未能形成有效侵彻甚至发生跳飞,因此,不列出相关结果。由图14(a)可知,v0=
1263.9 m/s时,随着撞击倾角的增大,靶板前端的开孔口径逐渐增大,孔洞的非对称特征也更加明显,表明随着撞击倾角的增大,弹头材料加剧向靶孔上侧侵蚀和流动,弹头的镦粗变形程度增强;在后续侵彻过程中,不同撞击倾角工况下靶板的孔径均逐渐减小,并最终与弹径一致,弹道相对笔直,表明弹体均发生了“自锐”行为;在侵彻后期弹体接近靶板后端面时,弹道轨迹向下偏转逐渐加剧,后端靶孔的非对称特征更加明显。v0=857.5 m/s(图14(b))时,靶板前端的开坑孔径随着倾角的增加而不断增大;在后续侵彻过程中,不同撞击倾角工况下的靶孔均逐渐变小,最终的靶孔底端呈现出尖锐的构型特征,构型的非对称特征随着倾角的增加而增强,弹道偏转也更为显著;当倾角达到50°以上时,弹体已无法形成有效侵彻。从图15(a)可以看出,在v0=
1263.9 m/s工况下,当θ<50°时,在侵彻后期临近穿透靶板时,弹体均受薄靶响应特征影响而发生一定的镦粗变形,且弹头的镦粗程度和构型的非对称特征均随着撞击倾角的增大而增强。当θ=50°时,受较大的靶板倾斜角度和弹体后期较低的穿透靶板速度影响,弹头又呈现出非对称的尖锐头型特征;此外,倾角增加使得靶板的有效厚度增大,随着倾角的增加,弹体侵蚀更为严重,剩余长度逐渐减小,且减小幅度更为明显。由图15(b)可知,v0=857.5 m/s工况下,随着撞击倾角的增大,弹体下侧面的侵蚀和弹体的弯曲变形程度加剧,剩余弹体头形的非对称特征也增强,但剩余弹长基本相同,主要是因为弹道偏转加剧,弹体的侵彻路程差距较小,弹体的侵蚀也基本相同。另外,对比图15(a)和图15(b)可知,在θ<50°范围内,相同撞击倾角工况下,撞击速度越低,弹体的侵蚀程度越严重,与雷波[9]的试验结果相同,这也源于金属玻璃基体强度和剪切敏感性的应变率相关性[15-16, 22-23, 25-26];当θ=50°时,由于v0=857.5 m/s时弹体未能形成有效侵彻,剩余弹长反而相对较长。由图16(a)可知,高速侵彻时,随着撞击倾角的增大,弹体速度的下降幅度增大,但变化特征基本一致。这主要是因为,在靶板倾斜放置产生非对称阻力的条件下,弹头仍能较好地发生“自锐”行为(图15(a)),且弹道相对笔直(图14(a))。由图16(b)可知,中低速侵彻时,相较于正侵彻,θ<40°范围内弹体速度下降更快,这是受弹头“自锐”能力降低、弹道偏转(图14(b))以及弹身与靶板孔壁相互作用(图15(b))等因素的综合影响;当θ≥40°时,随着撞击倾角的增大,弹体速度减速变小,这是因为弹道偏转严重,弹体主要在靶板的前端面附近穿行,受到的靶板总体阻力变小,此时弹体已难以形成有效侵彻。
综上所述,在侵彻初期开坑阶段,不同撞击速度下,随着撞击倾角的增大,由于弹体受力的非对称性,复合材料弹体头部的“自锐”行为更难发生;在侵彻后期弹体临近穿透靶板时,高速侵彻工况下,随着倾角的增大,弹道偏转程度以及弹头变形和破坏的非对称特征加剧,弹体侵蚀更严重。相应地,弹体的侵彻/穿甲性能随倾角增加而逐渐降低,弹体可形成有效撞击的速度阈值也逐渐提高,当倾角达到50°后,弹体在900 m/s速度范围内难以形成有效侵彻。总体来说,撞击倾角对复合材料弹体的侵彻/穿甲主要起到消极影响,实际工程应用中应尽量减小撞击倾角。
5. 结 论
基于细观有限元模拟,研究了钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料长杆弹对50 mm厚30CrMnMo钢靶的斜侵彻/穿甲性能,并与钨合金长杆弹进行对比分析,讨论了撞击倾角对复合材料弹体的“自锐”特性、穿甲性能以及相应弹道行为的影响,得到以下主要结论。
(1) 复合材料长杆弹对钢靶的斜侵彻/穿甲行为与正撞击行为完全不同。在弹体斜撞击开坑阶段,受靶板的非对称阻力作用,弹头发生非对称的镦粗变形;在后续侵彻过程中,弹头的非对称变形和破坏特征减弱,并发生“自锐”行为;在侵彻后期,非对称的靶板阻力使弹体弯曲,弹头结构又呈现非对称特征,弹道轨迹偏转。相较于正撞击,斜撞击时,复合材料弹体的“自锐”性能降低,弹体侵蚀和弹道偏转程度加剧,弹体速度加速下降,弹体的侵彻/穿甲性能降低,但仍高于钨合金弹的侵彻/穿甲性能。
(2) 随着撞击倾角的增大,在弹体初期开坑阶段弹头的“自锐”行为更难发生,在侵彻后期弹道的偏转以及弹头的非对称变形和破坏特征加剧,弹体侵蚀更严重,弹体侵彻/穿甲性能降低, 甚至难以形成有效侵彻。
总体来说,撞击倾角不利于复合材料弹体的侵彻/穿甲,在实际工程应用中,应尽量减小撞击倾角。
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Table 1. Physical and mechanical parameters of the medium under the ground impact of explosion[9-10]
介质 波速c/(m·s−1) 波阻抗ρc /(kg·m-2·s-1) 衰减指数n 低相对密度松散干砂、黄土和砂砾 180 0.26×106 3.00~3.50 密实的不良级配干砂 274~396 0.57×106 2.50~2.75 相对密度接近100%的极密干砂 488 1.00×106 2.50 黏土、松散不良级配湿砂(含自由水) 152~183 0.28×106~0.34×106 3.00 湿的泥质黏土 213~274 0.41×106~0.57×106 2.75~3.00 砂质填土、回填土、潮湿黏土 300 0.50×106 2.75~3.00 密实的不良级配湿砂(含自由水) 305 0.50×106 2.75 潮湿黄土、粉土 300 0.63×106 2.75~3.00 地下水位以上的潮湿粉土 549 1.09×106 2.50 饱和土 550~1500 1.09×106~3.05×106 1.50~2.50 表 2 铺设泡沫混凝土分散层后结构层动态响应参数峰值衰减率
Table 2. Peak attenuation rate of dynamic response parameters of protection structure with foam concrete
工况 泡沫混凝土分散层 装药量/kg 结构层动态响应参数类型 峰值衰减率/% 数据来源 密度/(kg·m−3) 厚度/cm 1 450 6~10 44 压力峰值 79.1~89.9 文献[14] 2 475 3 0.014 54 文献[15] 3 610 15 0.2 48.9 文献[13] 4 788 20~120 306 23~28.8 文献[16] 5 799 5~15 − 20.1~40.5 文献[17] 6 788 40~120 − 加速度峰值 30.9~40.2 文献[18] 7 450 6~10 44 速度峰值 62.1~73.3 文献[14] 8 799 5~15 − 7.3~13.3 文献[17] 9 400 20 0.025~0.03 形变量峰值 66.7~83.7 文献[19] 10 475 2~4 0.014 11.9~23.9 文献[15] 11 799 15 − 8.3 文献[17] -
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