Advances in numerical simulation of blast-induced traumatic brain injury: modeling, mechanical mechanism and protection
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摘要: 爆炸致创伤性脑损伤是现代战争和爆炸事故中最常见的伤亡之一。近年来由爆炸波引起的轻度原发性颅脑冲击伤在士兵伤患中占大多数，引起了研究人员重视。由于伦理和技术方面的限制，人体爆炸实验难以开展，数值模拟已经成为研究颅脑爆炸伤的重要手段之一。合理的物理建模结合可靠的模型和参数，能够定量给出爆炸冲击波作用下人体头部和大脑的生物力学响应，揭示大脑损伤的力学机制，这些对于认识颅脑爆炸伤的生物力学特性以及单兵防护装备的设计和优化都具有重要的意义。本文旨在为研究人员提供有关原发性颅脑爆炸伤数值模拟方面研究现状的背景信息，以及在计算建模、力学机制和防护3个方面的进展。重点针对大脑的多尺度性质及颅脑爆炸伤的生物力学建模，介绍了脑组织的线弹性、超弹性和黏超弹性本构模型，人头有限元模型在大脑结构、网格尺寸等方面的发展和演化，以及颅脑爆炸伤的宏观、介观和多尺度建模和数值模拟方法。针对颅脑爆炸伤的波传播直接作用、脑血管系统的影响，以及全身响应的连续过程，分析和讨论了数值模拟得到的力学机制证据。介绍了颅脑爆炸伤防护策略的数值模拟研究进展，如提高头部封闭性的重要性、新结构和新材料的应用。最后，对当前颅脑爆炸伤的数值模拟研究和应用进行了总结，并确定了未来需要发展和改进的地方。Abstract: Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a prevalent consequence of modern warfare and explosion hazards. In recent years, mild primary brain injury caused by blast waves has become the predominant form of injury, garnering significant attention from researchers. Due to ethical and technical limitations, human testing is challenging to conduct; therefore, numerical simulation has emerged as one of the most critical methods for studying bTBI. By combining reasonable physical modeling with reliable modes, we can quantitatively predict the biomechanical response of the human head and brain to blast waves. This approach reveals the mechanical mechanisms underlying brain injury, which is essential for understanding bTBI's biomechanical characteristics and designing protective equipment for individuals. The aim of this review is to furnish a comprehensive overview of the current research on numerical simulation of primary bTBI, encompassing advancements in computational modeling, mechanical mechanisms and protective measures. Focusing on the multi-scale nature of the human brain and biomechanical modeling of bTBI, this article introduces linear elastic, hyper-elastic, and viscoelastic constitutive models for brain tissue; development and evolution of finite element models for the human head in terms of brain structure and mesh size; as well as macroscopic, mesoscopic, and multi-scale modeling methods along with numerical simulation techniques for bTBI. Aiming at the direct effects of wave propagation, cerebral vasculature influence, and the continuous process of bodily response, the mechanical mechanism obtained through numerical simulation is analyzed and discussed. The advancements in numerical simulation of protective strategies for bTBI, including the significance of enhancing head closure and the implementation of novel structures and materials, are expounded upon. Ultimately, a summary is provided regarding current research and application of numerical simulation for bTBI, along with an assessment of future development and improvement.
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Key words:
- traumatic brain injury /
- blast wave /
- modeling /
- injury mechanism /
- protection
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图 4 颅脑爆炸伤数值模拟研究与应用方向
Figure 4. Directions of numerical simulation research and application of bTBI
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表 3 脑组织超弹性本构模型分类
Table 3. Classification of hyper-elastic constitutive models of brain tissue
分类 模型名称 应变能函数 量符号解释 多项式形式 Neo-Hookean $ W = \dfrac{{{C_1}}}{2}\left( {{I_1} - 3} \right) $ C1为材料常数，I1为应变不变量 Mooney-Rivlin $ W = \displaystyle\sum\limits_{i + j = N}^N {{C_{ij}}{{\left( {{I_1} - 3} \right)}^i}{{\left( {{I_2} - 3} \right)}^j}} $ N为模型阶数，C1为材料常数，
I1、I2为应变不变量Ogden $ W = \displaystyle\sum\limits_{k = 1}^N {\dfrac{{{\mu _k}}}{{{\alpha _k}}}\left( {\lambda _1^{{\alpha _k}} + \lambda _2^{{\alpha _k}} + \lambda _3^{{\alpha _k}} - 3} \right)} $ μk和αk为材料常数，λ1、λ2、λ3为主拉伸比 Yeoh $ W = \displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{C_i}{{\left( {{I_1} - 3} \right)}^i}} $ Ci为材料常数，I1为应变不变量 指数或
对数形式Fung-Demiray $ W = \dfrac{{{C_1}}}{{2{C_2}}}\left( {{{\text{e}}^{{C_2}\left( {{I_1} - 3} \right)}} - 1} \right) $ C1、C2为材料常数，I1为应变不变量 Veronda-Westmann $ W = {C_1}\left( {{{\text{e}}^{{C_3}\left( {{I_1} - 3} \right)}} - 1} \right){\text{ + }}{C_2}\left( {{I_2} - 3} \right) $ C1、C2、C3为材料常数，I1、I2为应变不变量 Gent $ W = {{ - }}\dfrac{{\mu {J_m}}}{2}\ln \left( {1 - \dfrac{{{I_1} - 3}}{{{J_m}}}} \right){\text{ }}{I_1} {\text{＜}} {J_m} + 3 $ μ和Jm为材料常数，I1为应变不变量 混合形式 Chui $ W = {{ - }}\dfrac{{{C_1}}}{2}\ln \left[ {1 - {C_2}\left( {{I_1} - 3} \right) + {C_3}\left( {{I_1} - 3} \right)} \right] $ C1、C2、C3为材料常数，I1为应变不变量 Gao $ \begin{array}{l}W = {{ - }}{C_1}\ln \left[ {1 - {C_2}\left( {\lambda _1^{{\alpha _1}} + \lambda _2^{{\alpha _1}} + \lambda _3^{{\alpha _1}} - 3} \right)} \right] + {C_3}\left( {\lambda _1^{{\alpha _1}} + \lambda _2^{{\alpha _1}} + \lambda _3^{{\alpha _1}} - 3} \right) \\ W = {C_1}\left[ {{{\text{e}}^{{C_2}\left( {\lambda _1^{{\alpha _1}} + \lambda _2^{{\alpha _1}} + \lambda _3^{{\alpha _1}}} \right)}} - 1} \right] + {C_3}\left( {\lambda _1^{{\alpha _1}} + \lambda _2^{{\alpha _1}} + \lambda _3^{{\alpha _1}} - 3} \right) \end{array}$ C1、C2、C3、α1、α2、α3为材料常数，
λ1、λ2、λ3为主拉伸比
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表 4 自2009年以来基于特征多块技术的bTBI模型
Table 4. Modeling of bTBI based on the feature multi-block technique since 2009
年份 模型来源 网格尺寸/mm 模型描述 模型验证 2009 文献[80-81] 流场：1
头部：1头部模型：美国国家医学图书馆-可视人体女性数据集
本构模型：颅骨（线弹性）；白质和灰质（线性黏弹性）；脑脊液（线弹性流体）尸体头部
撞击实验[82]2010
2016文献[47,83] 流场：不明确
头部：1～6头部模型：美国国立卫生研究院-可视人体数据库
本构模型：头皮、颅骨、硬脑膜、镰、小脑幕、软脑膜（线弹性）；
脑脊液（线弹性流体）；大脑（黏超弹性）尸体头部
撞击实验[84]2011～2014 文献[85-87,31] 流场：10
头部：3～4头部模型：WSUHIM。
本构模型：面部（线弹性）；灰质和白质、脑干、小脑（黏超弹性）尸体头部
激波管实验[85]2012 文献[88] 不明确 头部模型：美国国家交通研究中心-HSHM代理模型
本构模型：面部、颈部（线弹性）；颅骨（线弹性、黏弹性）；大脑（黏弹性）人头代理模型
激波管实验[88]2012 文献[48] 流场：30
头部：不明确本构模型：国际大脑测绘联盟-ICBM 2011数据库
本构模型：颅骨（线弹性）；脑脊液（状态方程）；大脑（线弹性与线性黏弹性）；
桥静脉（超弹性）尸体头部
撞击实验[82]2014 文献[89] 流场：1
头部：1头部模型：美国国家医学图书馆-可视人体男性数据集
本构模型：颅骨、皮肤、椎骨（线弹性）；肌肉/软组织（超弹性）；
脑脊液（线弹性流体）；大脑（线性黏弹性）尸体头部
激波管实验[90]2017 文献[91-92] 流场：7
头部：不明确头部模型：北达科他州立大学-NDSUHM模型
本构模型：头皮、面部骨骼和头骨、硬脑膜、镰、小脑幕、颈椎（线弹性）；
大脑（黏超弹性）；脑脊液（线弹性流体）尸体头部
撞击实验[82]2018 文献[93] 流场：10
头部：1头部模型：加拿大国防研究发展中心-代理模型
本构模型：颅骨、镰、小脑幕（线弹性）；大脑（黏弹性）代理模型
爆炸实验[93]2019 文献[94,29] 流场：最小 3
头部：2～3头部模型：清华大学-充分反映颅脑生理结构
本构模型：大脑、小脑与脑干（黏超弹性）；脑膜、蛛网膜、硬脑膜、大脑镰、小脑 幕、头骨、颈部与皮肤（线弹性）；脑脊液（状态方程）尸体头部
撞击实验[82]2019～2020 文献[95-96] 流场：2.5
头部：不明确头部模型：帝国理工学院-反映脑沟生理结构
本构模型：颅骨、头皮、脑白质（线性黏弹性）；脑脊液（状态方程）2021 文献[39] 流场：6
头部：0.1～2.3头部模型：美国男性50百分位模型-反映头部血管系统生理结构，总长度达15 m
本构模型：颅骨（线弹性）；动脉、头皮、静脉、眼、脑膜（超弹性）；大脑（黏超弹性）尸体头部
撞击实验[82,84,97]2022 文献[98] 流场：6
头部：最小
0.55头部模型：全球人体模型联盟- GHBMC v1.5
本构模型：白质和灰质、镰、小脑幕、胼胝体、面部、头皮等（黏超弹性）；
脑膜、皮肤、颌、窦、桥静脉等（线弹性）尸体头部
激波管实验[90,99]
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