动荷载下岩石裂纹动态扩展行为实验研究综述

高维廷; 朱哲明; 朱伟; 邹明

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2022-0526

动荷载下岩石裂纹动态扩展行为实验研究综述

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2022-0526

四川大学建筑与环境学院深地科学与工程教育部重点实验室，四川成都 610065

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（U19A2098, 12272247）

详细信息

作者简介:
高维廷（1997－　），男，博士研究生，gaoweitingscu@126.com

通讯作者:
朱哲明（1965－　），男，博士，教授，博士生导师，zhemingzhu@hotmail.com

中图分类号: O384
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-11-20
- 修回日期: 2023-04-07
- 网络出版日期: 2023-05-05
- 刊出日期: 2023-08-31

Experimental studies on crack propagation behaviors of rock materials under dynamic loads: a review

MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China

摘要

摘要: 岩石的动态裂纹扩展特性在岩石力学和岩石工程研究中具有重要意义。动荷载下岩石中裂纹的扩展行为是瞬间发生的，这对实验中测试和加载技术具有很大的挑战性。为综述动荷载下岩石材料裂纹扩展研究取得的丰硕成果，总结了岩石动态裂纹扩展测试技术、实验设备和实验方法等方面的最新进展。首先，讨论了动态岩石裂纹扩展测试的各种测量技术（X射线计算机断层扫描技术、焦散线法、数字图像相关法、裂纹扩展计、导电碳膜测试方法、声发射）；然后，以应变率为主线，从低到高依次总结了中低应变率、高应变率和超高应变率下岩石内裂纹动态扩展行为研究，系统讨论了落锤冲击装置、霍普金森压杆、爆炸实验中对裂纹扩展测试的实验方法和动态裂纹扩展特性，总结了不同应变率条件下岩石裂纹的起裂、扩展、止裂及动态断裂韧度等的演变规律。
- 岩石材料 /
- 应变率 /
- 动态测试 /
- 动态加载 /
- 裂纹扩展 /
- 动态断裂韧度
Abstract: Dynamic fracture behavior is a crucial aspect in rock mechanics and engineering, with significant implications to the safety and effectiveness of structures in fields such as mining and civil engineering. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the study of dynamic crack propagation in rock materials, and the aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review and summary on the latest achievements in testing techniques, experimental facility, and experimental methods. Various measurement techniques have been developed for dynamic rock crack propagation testing, including X-ray computed tomography, caustics method, digital image correlation method, crack propagation gauge, conductive carbon film test method and acoustic emission. Each of these techniques has advantages and limitations, and the selection of the appropriate technique depends on the specific experimental requirements and constraints. The dynamic fracture behavior in rock under different strain rates has been studied extensively by numerous researchers. The strain rate is a crucial parameter that determines the deformation and failure mechanisms of rocks under dynamic load. The dynamic fracture properties in rock under middle and low strain rates, high strain rates, and ultra-high strain rates have been systematically summarized. The experimental methods used for dynamic fracture testing include the drop-hammer impact device, split Hopkinson pressure bar system, and explosion tests. The failure properties of crack initiation, propagation, arrest behaviors, and dynamic fracture toughness of rocks under different strain rates have been investigated. In conclusion, the study of dynamic crack propagation in rock is a challenging and important field of research in rock mechanics and rock engineering. The development of new experimental techniques and methods has been enabling researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the complex behavior of cracks in rock under dynamic loads. The findings of these studies have important implications for the design of safe and reliable structures in various fields of practical engineering.
- rock material /
- strain rate /
- dynamic test /
- dynamic loading /
- crack propagation /
- dynamic fracture toughness

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图 1 岩石工程中影响裂纹扩展的各种因素

Figure 1. Influencing factors in rock engineering suffering from various dynamic loads

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图 2 CT扫描技术在岩石动态断裂研究中的应用^[33-35]

Figure 2. Application of CT scanning technique in rock dynamic fracture study^[33-35]

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图 3 数字图像相关原理^[46]

Figure 3. The digital image correlation principle^[46]

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图 4 反射式焦散线法原理示意图^[57]

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the reflection caustic method^[57]

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图 5 石灰岩试样断裂过程的热成像图像^[60]

Figure 5. Thermographic images of the fracture process in a limestone specimen^[60]

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图 6 导电碳膜对岩石材料裂纹扩展速度的测试原理^[62]

Figure 6. Test schematic diagram of crack propagation speed in rock material by using a conductive carbon film^[62]

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图 7 裂纹扩展计测试系统及其测试结果^[63-64]

Figure 7. The crack propagation gauge (CPG) test system and its test result^[63-64]

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图 8 SHPB-AE系统原理图^[76-77]

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of the SHPB-AE system^[76-77]

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图 9 以应变率划分的岩石动力学问题及对应的实验方法^[78]

Figure 9. Rock dynamics problems divided by strain rate and the corresponding experimental methods^[78]

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图 10 传统实验室落锤装置^[79]

Figure 10. A traditional laboratory drop-hammer device^[79]

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图 11 落锤冲击加载装置^[64]

Figure 11. The drop-hammer impact loading device^[64]

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图 12 落锤冲击下的典型波形^[85]

Figure 12. Typical waveforms under a drop-hammer impact^[85]

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图 13 SCT试件示意图及加载形式^[85]

Figure 13. Schematic diagram of the SCT specimen and the loading mode^[85]

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图 14 不同形状边界的裂纹止裂技术^[90-91]

Figure 14. Crack arrest techniques for different shape boundaries^[90-91]

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图 15 裂隙尖端动态应力强度因子随时间变化^[92]

Figure 15. Dynamic stress intensity factors at the tip of the fracture over time^[92]

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图 16 落锤冲击实验装置及侧向加压设备^[94]

Figure 16. A drop-hammer impact experimental device and lateral pressure equipment^[94]

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图 17 传统分离式霍普金森压杆示意图

Figure 17. Schematic diagram of the traditional split Hopkinson pressure bar

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图 18 SCSC试件构型示意图^[107]

Figure 18. Schematic configuration of the SCSC specimen^[107]

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图 19 不同节理倾角页岩试件在冲击作用下的裂纹扩展规律^[120]

Figure 19. Crack propagation law of shale specimens with different joint inclination angles under impact^[120]

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图 20 岩石-砂浆界面在冲击作用下的破坏规律^[109,122]

Figure 20. Failure law of rock-mortar interface under impact^[109,122]

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图 21 实验室岩石爆破加载装置^[23,126,128]

Figure 21. Laboratory rock blasting loading devices^[23,126,128]

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图 22 爆炸应力波与裂纹相互作用的光弹性实验结果^[138]

Figure 22. Photoelasticity experimental results during the blast wave-crack interaction^[138]

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图 23 爆炸应力波下岩石动态断裂参数的2种测试构型^[131,140]

Figure 23. Two test configurations of rock dynamic fracture parameters under explosive stress waves^[131,140]

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图 24 孔洞对爆生裂纹扩展行为的影响^[132]

Figure 24. Effect of holes on propagation behaviors of burst cracks^[132]

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表 1 动荷载下岩石裂纹扩展测试技术总结

Table 1. Summary of techniques for testing rock crack growth under dynamic load

测试方法	适用范围	优势	不足	发展趋势
X射线计算机断层扫描技术（CT）	(1)3D裂纹重建 (2)孔隙率分析 (3)矿物识别	(1)可以对岩石试件的内部进行无损成像且可以进行多次测量，以此进行预选试样及事后评估 (2)可以分析矿物相分布、孔隙空间和其他微观结构特征，提供岩石内部结构的定量信息 (3)可以对岩石内部裂纹进行3D重建，是为数不多可以研究岩石内部裂纹扩展模式的方法	(1)CT扫描更适用于对较完整的试样进行事后分析，不适用于动荷载下破碎程度很大的试件 (2)对于动荷载下的实时测量较困难，原位测试技术有待成熟 (3)X射线CT扫描分析成本高，实验过程具有放射性，需要专业实验员操作	(1)实现高精度原位CT扫描技术，还原高应变率下岩石内部3D裂纹扩展 (2)结合裂隙分布、矿物相和其他物理信息建立多尺度岩石信息模型
数字图像相关法（DIC）	(1)位移、应变测试 (2) 裂纹扩展速度 (3) 动态应力强度因子	(1)可以提供高分辨率的变形和位移测量，相比传统测试方法（应变计）更加精细 (2)非接触测量，不需要与试件进行物理接触，降低了在动荷载下损坏试件的风险，更加适用于岩石这种脆性材料 (3)对岩石试样进行全场测量，提供全场变形和位移 (4)计算自动化，在处理数据阶段全自动计算变形和位移等参量，提高结果的可靠性和可重复性	(1)设置复杂，搭配动荷载装置设置DIC系统是极其复杂的，需要解决同步触发问题 (2)最终得到的计算结果十分依赖于图像质量，而影响图像质量的因素很多，包括光照、相机采集频率和相机分辨率等 (3)系统价格昂贵，目前在图像采集和数据计算所需设备和软件均需要很高的成本	(1)目前应用最广泛的是岩石平整表面的DIC分析，未来可成熟测量曲面、不规则表面的3D-DIC分析 (2)随着高速摄像技术和DIC数据处理的不断进步，测试范围、测量精度及计算速度会进一步提升
焦散线实验方法	(1)动态应力强度因子 (2)裂纹扩展速度	(1)焦散线实验是一种非接触无损伤的测试方法 (2)根据焦散线理论可以计算获得裂纹扩展信息，包括动态应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度、裂尖能量变化	(1)用于焦散线实验测试的区域较小，测试样品大小收到限制 (2)测试方法复杂，需要高水平的专业知识才能准确执行数据结果	作为传统的光学测量方法，拥有极高的精度，随着高速摄像的不断发展，焦散线技术会集成其他测试方法进而获取更多的物理信息，例如光弹法等
高速红外热成像法	(1)断裂时刻 (2)断裂热量分布	(1)红外热成像技术可以实时观测断裂试样表面的温度场，确定裂纹扩展时裂尖端产生的热量	(1)缺乏成熟的技术及理论支撑，使得这一技术仍然没有得到充分的利用 (2)高速红外热成像相机采集频率无法应对动态测试	(1)热成像技术在断裂力学领域潜力很大，需要对理论及设备进一步完善以获得更多断裂信息
导电碳膜测试方法	(1)裂纹扩展速度	(1)具有良好的防水性、抗腐蚀性及热稳定性，可以对极端环境因素下的岩石裂纹扩展进行监测	(1)为保障测试精度，需要对裂纹扩展路径进行预测，且仅适用于光滑岩石表面 (2)目前应用范围较小，仅适用于特定复杂环境下的测试	未来多物理场耦合作用下的岩石破坏是研究重点，可能获得广泛应用
裂纹扩展计	(1)裂纹扩展速度	(1)测试系统搭建相对简单 (2)相比传统电测应变计，可以连续测量裂纹扩展速度，测量间隔最低可达0.5 μs	(1)为保障测试精度，需要对裂纹扩展路径进行预测，且仅适用于光滑岩石表面 (2)测量范围有限	随着高速摄像和DIC技术的不断发展，未来会逐步被取代
声发射	(1)裂纹扩展特征 (2)损伤积累	(1)敏感度高，可以监测到岩石试件的微小变化 (2)在破坏过程中持续监测，提供详细的声发射数据 (3)不会以任何方式改变岩石试样，可以对同一样品进行多次测试	(1)虽然声发射提供了大量的数据，但是在没有对岩石破坏过程有深入探究的情况下很难正确分析结果 (2)动荷载在声发射监测中会造成极大的扰动，难以获得准确的结果 (3)在动态测试中，需要采集频率和敏感度更高的采集设备，同时需要具备信号处理技术	(1)利用机器学习算法，采用先进的信号处理技术对原始信号进行分类，精准识别岩石破坏机制 (2)集成其他测试技术，如DIC测试方法，提供更详细的岩石变形和破坏过程

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表 2 分离式霍普金森压杆在岩石动态断裂测试中的主要发展

Table 2. Main developments of split Hopkinson pressure bars in rock dynamic fracture tests

年份	主要发展	来源
1966	应力-应变关系	文献[96]
1968	使用高速摄像机记录岩石动态断裂	文献[97]
1972	在SHPB中加入静水围压装置，应力-应变关系，不同形状弹头	文献[98]
2001	金属脉冲整形技术	文献[99]
2004	动量陷阱技术	文献 [100]
2008	SHPB杆径与加载率的关系	文献[101]
2008	动-静应力耦合状态下岩石动力测试	文献[102]
2010	人字形缺口巴西圆盘测试动态断裂韧度	文献[103]
2011	人字形缺口半圆弯曲试样测试动态断裂韧度	文献[104]
2011	三轴分离式霍普金森压杆系统	文献[105]
2012	围压和温度的耦合作用	文献[106]
2015	DIC技术应用于缺口半圆弯曲试样	文献[45]
2016	Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型裂纹扩展规律研究	文献[107]
2018	3D-DIC，全场应力应变监测	文献[50]
2018	节理粗糙度对岩体应力波能量的影响	文献[108]
2020	岩石-混凝土界面断裂性质	文献[109]
2020	热-水-力耦合条件下深部砂岩的冲击动力学特性	文献[110]
2020	含节理岩石中应力波传播特性	文献[111]
2021	真三轴电磁霍普金森压杆	文献[112]
2022	高温处理后Ⅰ型裂纹的扩展	文献[113]
2022	冻融循环下砂岩的断裂特征	文献[114]
2022	非均质的基质包裹体岩石的断裂性质	文献[77]
2022	应力波在岩体中传播的非衰减特性	文献[115]

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