Casing fracture and damage characteristics of an elliptical cross-section warhead under explosive loading
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摘要: 为研究椭圆截面战斗部爆轰驱动下壳体破片的形成机制和毁伤特性，设计了5种装药质量和壳体质量比相同而短长轴比不同的战斗部，开展了静爆威力试验，获得了椭圆截面战斗部破片径向速度分布规律，并结合细观观测方法分析了爆轰驱动下壳体断裂过程及破片损伤特性，通过测量破片对Q235钢板的侵彻开坑参数，量化了椭圆截面战斗部破片的侵彻毁伤能力。研究结果表明：椭圆截面战斗部破片速度由短轴至长轴方向呈对数趋势增长，相较于圆形截面战斗部存在明显的速度增益，短长轴比为0.40时，增益达到83%；靠近长轴处，由于壳体受到滑移爆轰为主导的驱动作用，壳体内部环向拉应力导致破片内表面出现拉伸裂纹，随着短长轴比增大，破片表面裂纹逐渐消失，而在战斗部短轴处，散心爆轰占据主导地位，壳体主要受到径向压应力作用，并未出现裂纹损伤；受端面稀疏波影响，战斗部轴向最大毁伤威力出现在距离非起爆端1/4处，而在战斗部径向方向，短长轴比为0.40时，短轴毁伤威力达到长轴的1.83倍，且该差异随着短长轴比增大逐渐减小。Abstract: In order to study the mechanism of fragmentation and damage characteristics of elliptical cross-section warhead under internal explosive loading, five types of warheads were designed with the same ratio of charge mass to casing mass but different ratio of minor axis to major axis, and static explosion tests were conducted. The detonation process of the warhead was recorded by high-speed camera, and the destruction capability of the warheads were quantified by measuring the cratering parameters of the witness targets, while the radial velocity distribution of the fragments was obtained by the velocity-measuring targets. The test results show that the radial velocity of the fragments of elliptical cross-section warhead logarithmically increases from the major axis direction to the minor axis direction. There is a significant velocity enhancement compared to circular cross-section warhead, when the ratio of minor to major axis is equal to 0.40, the enhancement reaches to an amazing 83%. The fragments near the major axis are subjected to slip detonation as the dominant driving effect, and the circumferential tensile stress inside the casing leads to tensile cracks on the inner surface of the fragments. At the same time, the tensile cracks disappear gradually as the ratio of minor to major axis increases. In the minor axis direction, the scattered detonation always dominated, and the casing is mainly subjected to radial compressive stresses, thus no tensile crack appears. In addition, due to the influence of rarefaction waves on the end face, the maximum destructive power of the warhead axially occurs at 1/4 of the distance from the non-detonation end. And in the radial direction, the damage power of fragment in the direction of minor axis is significantly greater than that in the major axis direction. Especially when the ratio of minor to major axis is equal to 0.40, the destructive power of the minor axis reaches 1.83 times that of the major axis, but the difference decreases with the increase of minor to major axis ratio.
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Key words:
- elliptical cross-section warhead /
- detonation drive /
- fragment /
- damage characteristics
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图 3 不同截面战斗部破片飞散撞击过程
Figure 3. Different cross-sectional warhead fragments scattering impact process
图 4 不同短长轴比战斗部轴向破片飞散过程
Figure 4. Axial fragment scattering process of warhead with different minor to major axis ratios
图 7 爆轰驱动后不同短长轴比战斗部不同位置回收破片的细观照片
Figure 7. Mesoscopic photos of fragments at different positions of warhead with different minor to major axis ratios
图 8 爆轰驱动破片损伤过程示意图
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of detonation driven fragment damage process
图 9 测速靶与椭圆截面战斗部破片位置对应关系处理过程
Figure 9. Corresponding relationship between velocity-measuring target and fragment position of elliptical section warhead
图 10 不同短长轴比战斗部破片速度分布拟合结果
Figure 10. Fragment velocity and fitting results of warhead with different minor to major axis ratios
图 11 破片速度增益及短长轴速度差值
Figure 11. Gain of fragment velocity and the difference of minor and major axis velocity
图 14 不同短长轴比战斗部破片开坑体积变化规律
Figure 14. Variation law of crater volume of warhead fragment with different minor to major axis ratios
图 15 端面点起爆后爆轰波与稀疏波的作用过程
Figure 15. Interaction process of detonation wave and rarefaction wave under end-face point initiation
图 16 不同短长轴比战斗部短长轴方向破片开坑体积的差异
Figure 16. Difference of crater volumes of fragments in the minor and major axis directions of warheads with different minor to major axis ratios
表 1 战斗部参数
Table 1. Parameters of warhead
编号 a/mm b/mm μ d/mm M/g C/g β E1 35.58 14.23 0.40 3.763 431.3 225.5 0.523 E2 30.34 16.69 0.55 3.956 434.7 228.1 0.525 E3 26.89 18.82 0.70 4.053 435.5 225.3 0.517 E4 24.40 20.74 0.85 4.096 438.2 224.9 0.513 C1 22.50 22.50 1.00 4.108 437.4 224.0 0.512 
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表 2 战斗部破片方位角与测速度对应关系的处理结果
Table 2. Relationship between azimuthal angle of the fragment impacting the velocity-measuring target
弹体 θ/(°) ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ E1 − 3.01 8.69 19.25 30.89/38.33 82.88 E2 − 3.99 − 27.71 46.09/57.09 83.01 E3 4.32 − 21.70 40.07 60.74 83.97 E4 5.24 15.75 26.39 48.43 71.81 83.91 C1 5.63 16.88 28.13 50.63 73.13 84.38
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表 3 测速靶测试结果与破片速度
Table 3. Velocity-measuring target test results and fragment velocity
测速靶 E1 E2 E3 E4 C1 Δt/μs v/(m·s−1) Δt/μs v/(m·s−1) Δt/μs v/(m·s−1) Δt/μs v/(m·s−1) Δt/μs v/(m·s−1) ① − − − − 301 1 329 296 1 351 288 1 389 ② 335 1 194 311 1 286 − − 292 1 370 278 1 439 ③ 305 1 311 − − 294 1 361 287 1 394 − − ④ 272 1 471 277 1 444 279 1 434 281 1 423 289 1 384 ⑤ 260 1 538 268 1 493 272 1 471 − − 285 1 404 ⑥ 251 1 594 264 1 515 268 1 493 275 1 465 278 1 441
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表 4 破片设计参数
Table 4. Fragment design parameters
弹体 径向刻槽数量 壳体厚度/mm 单个破片设计质量/g E1 44 3.763 0.51 E2 36 3.956 0.61 E3 36 4.053 0.62 E4 32 4.096 0.70 C1 32 4.108 0.71
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