活性无序合金冲击的释能特性及在毁伤元中应用研究进展

侯先苇; 张先锋; 熊玮; 谈梦婷; 刘闯; 戴兰宏

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2023-0189

活性无序合金冲击的释能特性及在毁伤元中应用研究进展

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2023-0189

侯先苇^1,,
张先锋^1, ,,
熊玮¹,
谈梦婷¹,
刘闯¹,
戴兰宏^{2, 3}

1.
南京理工大学机械工程学院，江苏南京 210094
2.
中国科学院力学研究所非线性力学国家重点实验室，北京 100190
3.
中国科学院大学工程科学学院，北京 101408

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(11790292，12141202，12002170)

详细信息

作者简介:
侯先苇（1997—　），女，博士研究生，18260081681@163.com

通讯作者:
张先锋（1978—　），男，博士，教授，lynx@njust.edu.cn

中图分类号: O385
计量
- 文章访问数: 320
- HTML全文浏览量: 143
- PDF下载量: 148
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-05-24
- 修回日期: 2023-08-28
- 网络出版日期: 2023-08-29
- 刊出日期: 2023-09-11

Research progress on impact energy release characteristics of reactive disordered alloy and its application in kill elements

1.
School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
3.
School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China

摘要

摘要: 无序合金是一种新型金属材料，突破了传统的合金设计理念，表现出不同于传统合金的优异力学性能、冲击释能及剪切自锐特性，在高温、高压、高应变率等环境具有良好的应用前景。分析活性无序合金的冲击释能特性对其应用于军事领域有着重要的指导作用，能为弹药战斗部的设计提供参考。本文阐述了静动态力学实验中典型无序合金的反应释能现象；总结了撞击速度与活性无序合金释能超压、释能效率之间的关系；讨论了撞击速度、材料破碎程度及靶标特征等因素对活性无序合金释能机理的影响；归纳了制备工艺及元素类型对活性无序合金释能特性的调控效果。进一步，本文梳理了活性无序合金在破片、穿甲弹芯和聚能装药战斗部三个方向的应用研究进展，分析了活性无序合金毁伤元的侵彻行为和作用机制。最后，针对活性无序合金材料未来的发展趋势和需求进行了展望。
- 无序合金 /
- 活性金属 /
- 冲击释能特性 /
- 高效毁伤
Abstract: Disordered alloy is a new kind of reactive material, which breaks through the design concept of traditional alloy and exhibits excellent mechanical properties, impact energy release characteristics and adiabatic shear sensitivity, showing good application prospects in high temperature, high pressure, high strain rates and other application environments. Analyzing the impact energy release characteristics of reactive disordered alloy has an important guiding role for its development in the military field and can provide the basis for the design and application of warheads for ammunition. In this paper, the impact energy release characteristics of reactive disordered alloys are introduced from four aspects, including the energy release phenomenon of chemical reaction, the energy release law induced by impacting, the energy release mechanism and the regulation of the energy release behaviors. The chemical reaction showing energy release phenomenon in static and dynamic mechanical experiments is described. The relationship between impact velocities and the energy release overpressures or the efficiency of energy release of reactive disordered alloys is obtained. The effect between impact velocities and crushing degree of the reactive disordered alloys or characteristics of the target on the energy release mechanism is discussed. At the same time, the regulation effects of preparation process and the kinds of element on energy release effect of disordered alloy materials are summarized. This kind of alloy own good impact energy release characteristics, presented an ideal energetic structural material. Furthermore, the research progress of reactive disordered alloys applied to warheads in military area is summarized from three directions, including fragment, armor-piercing core and shaped charge liner. The macro and micro penetration behavior and mechanism of warheads of reactive disordered alloys are analyzed under high-speed loading conditions. Via the design of the structure, the good penetration and damage performance benefit from the self-sharpening and energy release characteristics of the material. Finally, the further development trend and demands of reactive disordered alloy are prospected.
- disordered alloy /
- reactive metal /
- impact energy release characteristics /
- high efficiency damage

HTML全文

图 1 室温下空气中测试的锆基非晶合金试样断裂瞬间^[19]

Figure 1. Moment of fracturing a BAA specimen testedat room temperature in air^[19]

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图 2 摆锤冲击试验装置及空气环境中试验现象^[20]

Figure 2. Pendulum impact test device and test phenomena in air environment^[20]

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图 3 Zr_41.2Ti_13.8Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5分子轨道能级谱^[20]

Figure 3. Molecular orbital energy spectrum of Zr_41.2Ti_13.8Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5^[20]

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图 4 氮气环境中断裂后断口扫描电镜照片^[20]

Figure 4. Scanning electron microscope photos of fracture surface of the specimen fracturing in nitrogen environment^[20]

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图 5 准密闭容器试验^[25]

Figure 5. Quasi-sealed chamber test^[25]

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图 6 高速摄影图片及容器内超压时程曲线^[26]

Figure 6. Video frames and pressure curves inside the chamber^[26]

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图 7 破片撞击靶板后反应产物形貌与成分^[26]

Figure 7. Morphology and composition of the reaction products of fragment after impacting target^[26]

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图 8 高熵合金破片不同撞击速度下压力峰值^[33]

Figure 8. Peak overpressures at different impact velocities of the high-entropy alloy fragments^[33]

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图 9 多种活性材料的单位质量能量密度^[34]

Figure 9. Specific energy per unit mass of various reactive materials^[34]

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图 10 锆基非晶合金动态压缩高速摄影图像^[37]

Figure 10. High-speed photography of Zr-based amorphous alloy under dynamic compression^[37]

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图 11 锆基非晶合金动态压缩模拟损伤云图^[37]

Figure 11. Simulational damage contours of Zr-based amorphous alloy under dynamic compression^[37]

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图 12 氩气中不同撞击速度下动态破碎锆基非晶合金累积质量分布试验数据^[38]

Figure 12. Experimental data of cumulative mass distribution forZr-based amorphous alloy after dynamic fragmentation atdifferent impact velocities in argon atmosphere^[38]

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图 13 TiZrNbV高熵合金动态压缩背散射电子成像结果^[40]

Figure 13. BSE result of TiZrNbV high entropy alloy after dynamic compression^[40]

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图 14 不同撞击速度下回收试样的断口形貌^[40]

Figure 14. Fracture morphology of recovered specimen at different impact velocities^[40]

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图 15 原位晶化对锆基非晶合金能量释放行为的影响^[45]

Figure 15. Effect of in-situ crystalline phases on the energy release behaviors of Zr-based amorphous alloy^[45]

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图 16 NbZrTiTa高熵合金和HfZrTiTa_0.53合金弹丸在不同速度下撞击靶箱后的碎片^[50]

Figure 16. The fragments of NbZrTiTa high-entropy alloy and HfZrTiTa_0.53 high-entropy alloy projectilesimpacting the target at different velocities^[50]

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图 17 1200 m/s速度下NbZrTiTa高熵合金弹丸碎片的截面背散射电子成像^[50]

Figure 17. Cross-section BSE photos of NbZrTiTa high-entropy alloy projectile at 1200 m/s^[50]

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图 18 0.5 mm厚的盖板下破片不同撞击速度对应的压力-时间的曲线^[60]

Figure 18. Pressure as a function of time for a 0.5 mmcover target thicknesses^[60]

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图 19 不同靶板厚度下不同撞击速度对应的超压-时间曲线^[60]

Figure 19. Overpressure as a function of time for differentcover plate at different impact velocities^[60]

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图 20 超压-反应速率曲线^[60]

Figure 20. Reaction efficiency as a function of shock pressure^[60]

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图 21 冲击温度-反应速率曲线^[60]

Figure 21. Reaction efficiency as a function of shock temperature^[60]

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图 22 Zr₅₅Cu₃₀Ni₅Al₁₀非晶合金破片典型速度撞击间隔靶板高速摄影图片^[71]

Figure 22. High-speed photographs of Zr₅₅Cu₃₀Ni₅Al₁₀ amorphous fragments impacting spacing targets at typical velocity^[71]

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图 23 WFeNiMo高熵合金在不同速度下穿靶燃烧过程的高速摄影^[72]

Figure 23. High-speed video frames of combustion process of WFeNiMo HEA at different speeds^[72]

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图 24 高速撞击后高熵合金回收破片细观结构^[72]

Figure 24. Microstructure of high-entropy alloy fragments after high speed impact^[72]

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图 25 非晶破片毁伤后效仿真结果^[73]

Figure 25. Simulation results of amorphous fragmentation damage aftermath^[73]

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图 26 W/Zr基非晶合金预制破片^[11]

Figure 26. W/Zr-based amorphous alloy fragments^[11]

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图 27 预制破片布置方式^[11]

Figure 27. Arrangement of performed fragments^[11]

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图 28 典型时刻高速摄影图片^[11]

Figure 28. High-speed photographs at typical moments^[11]

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图 29 棉被和油箱毁伤情况^[11]

Figure 29. The damage of quilts and fuel tanks^[11]

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图 30 破片侵彻后油箱^[11]

Figure 30. The oil tank penetrated by fragments^[11]

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图 31 复合材料弹芯的“自锐”和钨合金弹芯的“镦粗”^[77]

Figure 31. “Self-sharpening” of composite core and the “upsetting” of tungsten alloy core^[77]

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图 32 弹芯残体照片^[82]

Figure 32. Pictures of penetrator residual^[82]

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图 33 钨丝/锆基非晶复合材料侵彻深度与着靶动能及长径比的关系曲线^{[80, 86]}

Figure 33. Curves of kinetic energy and penetration depth of Wf/Zr-MG and WHA rods^{[80, 86]}

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图 34 不同直径钨丝/锆基非晶复合材料着靶速度-侵彻深度关系^[86]

Figure 34. Relationship between penetration depth and impact velocities of different Zr-based composite materials^[86]

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图 35 多组分钨丝/锆基非晶合金复合材料杆弹横截面^[86]

Figure 35. The cross section of multi-component Wf/Zr-based amorphous composite rod projectiles^[86]

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图 36 分段式钨丝/锆基非晶合金复合材料杆弹及侵彻结果（单位：mm）^[86]

Figure 36. Segmented Wf/Zr-based amorphous composite rod projectiles and penetration results (unit: mm)^[86]

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图 37 弹体侵彻靶体的高速摄像^[88]

Figure 37. High-speed video photographs of the projectiles penetrating the targets^[88]

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图 38 长杆弹侵彻深度和撞击动能的关系^[88]

Figure 38. Relation between penetration depth and kineticenergy of long rod projectiles^[88]

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图 39 长杆弹弹孔体积和撞击动能的关系曲线^[88]

Figure 39. Relation between total penetration volume and kinetic energy of long rod projectiles^[88]

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图 40 弹体侵彻靶板典型过程^[89]

Figure 40. Typical frames of the projectiles penetrating the targets^[89]

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图 41 弹体侵彻后靶板表面毁伤效果^[89]

Figure 41. The targets damaged surface after the projectiles penetrating^[89]

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图 42 钨丝/锆基非晶合金复合材料自锐剪切失效的 4 种模式^[81]

Figure 42. Four modes of self-sharpening shear failure of Wf/Zr-based amorphous composites material^[81]

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图 43 钨丝增强金属玻璃复合材料弹残余弹体头部及其附近位置 SEM 图像^[79]

Figure 43. SEM images of tungsten wire reinforced metal glass composite residual projectile head and its vicinity^[79]

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图 44 回收弹体TEM测试结果^[90]

Figure 44. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) bright-field images of LRPs after impact^[90]

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图 45 回收弹体TEM明图中的变形孪晶和堆叠断层^[90]

Figure 45. TEM results showging the multiple deformation twins and the stack faults^[90]

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图 46 钨丝/锆基非晶合金复合材料杆弹不同着靶速度下的侵彻断裂模式^[86]

Figure 46. Fracture modes of Wf/Zr-based amorphous composite projectile at different impact velocities^[86]

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图 47 WFeNiMo和93W长杆弹对靶体的侵彻深度与动能关系^[9]

Figure 47. Depth of WFeNiMo rod and 93W rod penetrating targets versus kinetic energy^[9]

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图 48 等截面直管内两相的流动模型^[91]

Figure 48. Model of two-phase flow in a straight pipe with equal cross section^[91]

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图 49 不同初始浓度及密度对硬相浓度演化的影响^[91]

Figure 49. Effect of initial concentration on concentration evolution of hard phase^[91]

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图 50 Zr₅₇Cu_15.4Ni_12.6Al₁₀Nb₅非晶合金射流成型形态^[95]

Figure 50. Shape of Zr₅₇Cu_15.4Ni_12.6Al₁₀Nb₅ jet forming^[95]

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图 51 Zr_41.2Ti_13.8Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5非晶合金射流成型形态^[96]

Figure 51. Shape of Zr_41.2Ti_13.8Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5 jet forming^[96]

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图 52 塑性和脆性药型罩形成的射流^[98]

Figure 52. Jets by plastic and brittle liner^[98]

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图 53 两种材料杆式射流不同时刻下的成形状态^[99]

Figure 53. Shape of rod jets about two materials at different times^[99]

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图 54 CrMnFeCoNi与紫铜材料流动速度（V₂）与临界压垮角（β_c）关系^[100]

Figure 54. Relationship between flow velocity (V₂) and critical crushing angle (β_c) of CrMnFeCoNi and copper^[100]

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图 55 材料流动速度（V₂）与临界压垮角（β_c）曲线不同取值位置有限元仿真结果^[100]

Figure 55. Finite element simulation results of value positions of flow velocity (V₂) and critical crushing angle (β_c) curve^[100]

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图 56 不同硬化指数k下射流形态对比^[100]

Figure 56. Comparison of jet shape under different hardening index (k)^[100]

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图 57 不同炸高下药型罩侵彻深度^[105]

Figure 57. Penetration depths of liners under different stand off^[105]

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图 58 数值模拟模型及成型射流^[12]

Figure 58. Model and jet structure of numerical simulation^[12]

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图 59 聚能装药结构^[109]

Figure 59. Shaped charge^[109]

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图 60 靶板截面形貌和晶相^[12]

Figure 60. Cross-section profile and crystal phase of target plate^[12]

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图 61 残余射流区的XRD谱^[12]

Figure 61. XRD spectrum of residual zone^[12]

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图 62 残余射流区的EDS谱^[12]

Figure 62. EDS spectrum of residual zone^[12]

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图 63 射流侵彻后靶板的EBSD细观分析：(a)变形区IPF图；(a)中区域b的（b₁、b₂）IPF图和对应的KAM图；(a)中区域c的(c₁, c₂) IPF图和对应的KAM图^[113]

Figure 63. Microstructural analysis of the residual jet after penetration via EBSD: (a) IPF map of deformation zone; (b₁, b₂) IPF map and corresponding KAM map of region b in (a); (c₁, c₂) IPF map and corresponding KAM map of region c in (a)^[113]

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图 64 再结晶区的高倍BSE-SEM图像(a)及线扫描分析(b)：在(a)中显示的两个晶界上进行线扫描，其对应的位置在(b)中用虚线标记^[113]

Figure 64. High-magnification BSE-SEM images (a) and line scan analysis (b) of the recrystallization region: a line scan was conducted across two grain boundaries as displayed in (a), the corresponding locations of which are labeled with dashed lines in (b)^[113]

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图 65 CoCrNi残余射流侵彻后的TEM组织分析：(a) CoCrNi残余射流的TEM照片，其中的白色虚线标记了沿晶界的纳米尺寸沉淀；(b) 降水（图(a)中的红色矩形区域）的HAADF-TEM照片；(c～e) 图(b)中对应的Co、Cr、Ni元素分布；(f) 降水SAED图（区域I(b)），(g) 图(b)中Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ区域Co，Cr，Ni元素含量^[113]

Figure 65. Microstructural analysis of CoCrNi residual jet after penetration by TEM: (a) TEM images of CoCrNi residual jet, where the white dashed line marks the nanosized precipitations along grain boundaries; (b) HAADF-TEM image of the precipitation (red rectangle region in (a)); (c–e) Corresponding element distributions of Co, Cr, and Ni in (b); (f) SAED pattern ofprecipitation (region I in (b)); (g) Element content of Co, Cr, and Ni in region I, II, III, IV in (b)^[113]

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表 1 锆基非晶合金的冲击化学反应行为^[36]

Table 1. Impact-induced chemical reaction behavior of ZrTiNiCuBe^[36]

射击序号	靶板厚度/mm	撞击速度/（m·s⁻¹）	超压峰值/MPa	扩孔半径/mm	挠度/mm
1	3	1450	0.02	7～10	10～15
2	3	1560	0.04	10～15	15～20
3	2	1348	0.05	20～25	20～25
4	2	1218	0.024	8～12	10～15
5	4.5	1630	0.021	7～10	8～10

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