Study on hydrogen-oxygen detonation process and the growth of carbon-iron nanomaterials in a detonation tube
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摘要: 为研究气相爆轰合成碳-铁纳米材料的爆炸过程，采用氢氧爆炸试验与数值模拟相结合的方式研究了不同氢氧摩尔比（2∶1、3∶1和4∶1）对爆轰参数（爆速、爆温、爆压）峰值时程曲线与碳-铁纳米材料形貌的影响。研究表明：爆轰管内氢氧爆炸包括爆轰波的传播与燃烧波的衰减2个过程，且氢氧摩尔比对爆速、爆温、爆压的峰值时程曲线影响十分显著。随着氢氧摩尔比的提高，爆轰波的爆速、爆温、爆压及其衰减速率均呈减小趋势。氢氧摩尔比通过影响爆轰波的传播与衰减而作用于碳-铁纳米材料形貌的生长。零氧平衡时，样品为碳包铁纳米颗粒，随着氢氧摩尔比的提高，样品中碳纳米管的数量逐渐增多。调整氢氧摩尔比可实现对爆轰波传播与衰减过程的控制，达到气相爆轰控制性制备特定形貌的碳-铁纳米材料的目的。Abstract: To study the explosion process of carbon-iron nanomaterials synthesized by gaseous detonation, the effects of different molar ratios of hydrogen to oxygen (2∶1, 3∶1, 4∶1) on the peak value time-history curve of detonation parameters (detonation velocity, detonation temperature, and detonation pressure) and the morphology of carbon-iron nanomaterials were studied by combination of hydrogen-oxygen experiments and numerical simulations. The explosion experiments used hydrogen and oxygen with a purity of 99.999% in a closed detonation tube. The precursor was ferrocene with a purity of 99%. A high-speed camera was used to observe in the middle of the tube. After the experiments, the samples were collected and characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The numerical simulation used ICEM software for modeling and meshing and then used Fluent software to verify the rationality of the mesh size, and then performed simulation calculations after confirming the optimal mesh size. The results indicate that hydrogen-oxygen explosion inside a detonation tube involves two processes: the propagation of detonation waves and the attenuation of combustion waves, and the hydrogen-oxygen molar ratio has a significant impact on the peak time history curves of detonation velocity, detonation temperature, and detonation pressure. With the increase of the molar ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, the detonation velocity, detonation temperature, detonation pressure, and attenuation rate of the detonation wave all decrease. The molar ratio of hydrogen to oxygen affects the morphology growth of carbon-iron nanomaterials by influencing the propagation and attenuation of detonation waves. At zero oxygen balance, the sample consists of carbon-coated iron nanoparticles. As the hydrogen-oxygen molar ratio increases, the number of carbon nanotubes in the sample gradually increases. Adjusting the molar ratio of hydrogen to oxygen can achieve control over the propagation and attenuation process of detonation waves, and also achieve the goal of controlling the preparation of carbon iron nanomaterials with specific morphologies through gaseous detonation.
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图 1 气体爆炸合成碳-铁纳米材料所用爆轰管示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the detonation tube used in the synthesis of carbon-iron nanomaterials by gas explosion
图 4 氢氧摩尔比为2∶1条件下网格尺寸对速度时程曲线的影响
Figure 4. Effect of mesh size on the time-history curves of velocity when the molar ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2∶1
图 5 工况1下爆轰波的传播衰减高速摄影图像与爆速时程曲线
Figure 5. Propagation attenuation of the detonation wave, the high-speed photographic image and the time history curve of the detonation velocity under the working condition 1
图 7 不同工况下观测点速度、温度和压强的峰值时程曲线
Figure 7. Velocity, temperature and pressure history curves at observation points under different working conditions
图 8 不同工况下样品的 TEM 图像
Figure 8. TEM images of the samples under different working conditions
图 9 不同工况下爆轰波传播到管道中心位置的时间
Figure 9. Time required for the detonation wave to propagate to the center of the tube under different working conditions
表 1 不同网格尺寸的网格数量及其爆速和误差
Table 1. The numbers of meshes with different mesh sizes and their detonation velocities and errors
最大网格尺寸/mm 网格数量 爆速/（m∙s−1） 误差/% 1.0 104 492 1972 10.36 2.0 27 596 1876 14.73 2.5 17 676 1820 17.27 注：爆速为爆轰波第1次经过观测点时的速度。 
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