氢气抑爆材料及其抑爆机理研究进展

陈晓坤; 王君; 程方明

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2023-0418

氢气抑爆材料及其抑爆机理研究进展

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2023-0418

陈晓坤^{1, 2,},
王君¹,
程方明^{1, 3, ,}

1.
西安科技大学安全科学与工程学院，陕西西安 710054
2.
西安科技大学安全科学与工程学院陕西省煤火灾害防治重点实验室，陕西西安 710054
3.
西安市城市公共安全与消防救援重点实验室，陕西西安 710054

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2021YFB4000905）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈晓坤（1961－　），男，博士，教授，Chenxk@xust.edu.cn

通讯作者:
程方明（1982－　），男，博士，教授，chengfm@xust.edu.cn

中图分类号: O389
计量
- 文章访问数: 360
- HTML全文浏览量: 92
- PDF下载量: 174
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-11-21
- 修回日期: 2024-04-10
- 网络出版日期: 2024-04-11
- 刊出日期: 2024-11-15

Research progress on hydrogen gas explosion suppression materials and their suppression mechanisms

CHEN Xiaokun^{1, 2
,},
WANG Jun¹,
CHENG Fangming^{1, 3
, ,}

1.
School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xiʼan University of Science and Technology, Xiʼan 710054, Shaanxi, China
2.
Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Fire Disaster Prevention, School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xiʼan University of Science and Technology, Xiʼan 710054, Shaanxi, China
3.
Xiʼan Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety and Fire Emergency Rescue, Xiʼan 710054, Shaanxi, China

摘要

摘要: 氢气在全球清洁能源转型中扮演着关键角色，但其可燃性和高爆炸危害性也使得氢气安全成为研究热点。聚焦氢气抑爆领域的最新研究成果，对不同种类抑爆材料及抑爆机理进行了综合评述。首先，介绍了气体、液体、固体以及多相复合抑爆材料的研究进展，对比分析了抑爆效果、关键参数及其变化规律。其次，探讨了抑爆材料影响氢气爆炸的物理、化学以及物理化学综合的作用过程，以揭示各类材料的抑爆机理。最后，展望了氢气抑爆材料的未来发展趋势，强调对高效能抑爆材料探索和机理研究的深化以及在实际应用中所面临的诸多挑战。
- 氢气爆炸 /
- 抑爆 /
- 抑爆材料 /
- 抑爆效果 /
- 抑爆机理
Abstract: Hydrogen is crucial in the global shift towards clean energy and is gaining significance in the energy industry, while its high flammability and explosive hazard make its safety a research hotspot. It is crucial to thoroughly investigate and assess the safety of hydrogen as it progresses toward commercialization in the energy sector. This article reviews the latest advancements in hydrogen explosion suppression conducted by researchers around the world, aiming at offering a scientific foundation and technical approach to efficiently manage and reduce the damaging impacts of hydrogen explosion incidents. The article focuses on the study of hydrogen explosion suppression materials and their suppression mechanisms, so as to provide scientific understanding and technical support for the safe application of hydrogen. Firstly, it systematically introduces the research progress in hydrogen explosion suppression by discussing four significant categories, i.e., gas, liquid, solid, and multiphase composite explosion suppression materials. By comparing and analyzing the effects, key performance parameters, and the variation rules of these materials, the current research status and effectiveness of various explosion suppression materials are sorted out, helping to deepen the understanding of the explosion suppression effects of these materials. Secondly, focusing on the suppression mechanism, the research delves into the vital role of explosion suppression materials in suppressing hydrogen explosions. Starting from three dimensions, i.e., physical suppression, chemical suppression, and physicochemical comprehensive suppression, it elucidates the mechanisms of action of explosion suppression materials in the suppression process, contributing to a deeper understanding of the role of explosion suppression materials in suppressing or mitigating hydrogen explosions. Finally, the article looks forward to the future development directions of hydrogen explosion suppression materials, especially emphasizing the importance of further studies on the high-efficiency explosion suppression materials and the challenges faced in practical applications. This review is aimed to provide scientific reference and inspiration for the research, development, and application of new hydrogen explosion suppression materials.
- hydrogen gas explosion /
- explosion suppression /
- suppression materials /
- suppression effect /
- suppression mechanism

HTML全文

图 1 不活泼气体对掺氢混合气体燃爆特性的影响^{[18, 20]}

Figure 1. The impact of inert gases on the deflagration characteristics of hydrogen-doped gas mixture^{[18, 20]}

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图 2 不活泼气体对氢气燃爆现象的影响^[23]

Figure 2. Influences of inert gases on the combustion behaviors of hydrogen gas^[23]

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图 3 惰性粒子云对氢气燃爆的影响^[32]

Figure 3. The influence of inert particle cloud on the explosion behavior of hydrogen gas^[32]

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图 4 不活泼气体及卤代烷烃对氢气爆炸极限的影响^[33]

Figure 4. Influence of inert gases and halogenated hydrocarbons on the explosion limits of hydrogen gas^[33]

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图 5 七氟丙烷^[35]、CH₂FCF₃和C₂HF₅^[37]对氢气燃爆的影响

Figure 5. Effects of CF₃CHFCH₃^[35], CH₂FCF₃, and C₂HF₅^[37] on hydrogen deflagration

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图 6 CHF₃和 C₂HF₅对不同当量比下氢气预混气体火焰形态的影响^[38]

Figure 6. Influence of CHF₃ and C₂HF₅ on the flame morphology of hydrogen premixed gas with different equivalence ratios^[38]

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图 7 i-C₄H₈对氢气燃爆的影响^[39]

Figure 7. Influence of i-C₄H₈ on the explosion behavior of hydrogen gas^[39]

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图 8 i-C₄H₈+CO₂对氢气燃爆的影响^[40]

Figure 8. Influence of i-C₄H₈+CO₂ on the explosion behavior of hydrogen gas^[40]

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图 9 细水雾抑制氢气燃爆特性的影响^[47-50]

Figure 9. Effect of fine water mist on suppressing hydrogen deflagration characteristics^[47-50]

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图 10 NaHCO₃水雾对预混气体火焰传播、平均火焰传播速度的影响^[51]

Figure 10. Influence of NaHCO₃ water mist on premixed gas flame propagation and average flame propagation velocity^[51]

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图 11 细水雾和含DMMP细水雾对氢气预混气体的抑制作用分析^[52]

Figure 11. Analysis of the suppression effects of fine water mist and fine water mist with DMMP on hydrogen premixed gas^[52]

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图 12 粉体对氢气预混气体爆炸压力及其峰值的影响^[54-56]

Figure 12. Effects of particulate matters on the explosion pressure and its peak value of hydrogen premixed gas^[54-56]

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图 13 多相复合材料抑爆作用^[63-64]

Figure 13. Explosive suppression effect of multiphase composite materials^[63-64]

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图 14 不活泼气体对氢气燃爆特性的影响^[23,27,73]

Figure 14. Effects of inert gases on the deflagration characteristics of hydrogen^[23,27,73]

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图 15 卤代烃的敏感性分析^[38]

Figure 15. Sensitivity analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons^[38]

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图 16 HFC-227ea的敏感性分析^[81]

Figure 16. Sensitivity analysis of HFC-227ea^[81]

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图 17 抑制机理示意图^[51,74]

Figure 17. Fire extinguishing mechanism schemati^[51,74]

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图 18 BC粉末爆炸抑制过程^[54]

Figure 18. Explosion process suppressed by BC powder^[54]

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表 1 近年氢气泄漏爆炸事故

Table 1. Recent hydrogen gas leak explosion incidents

事故时间	事故地点	事故原因	事故后果
2018年3月12日	中国江西省九江市一石化企业	柴油加氢装置原料缓冲罐超压爆炸着火	2人死亡，1人受伤直接经济损失约338万元
2019年5月23日	韩国江原道江陵市	在水电解氢气试验的过程中，因操作失误而导致爆炸	2人死亡，6人受伤
2019年6月1日	美国加州圣塔克拉拉一化工厂	储氢罐发生泄漏爆炸	无人伤亡，经济损失数万美元，当地氢燃料供应被迫中断
2019年6月	挪威桑维卡一合营加氢站	高压储氢罐一特殊插头装配错误	2人受伤经济损失约2亿欧元
2019年12月	威斯康星州沃基工厂	储氢区发生爆炸起火	1人受伤
2020年1月14日	中国珠海长炼石化设备有限公司	重整加氢装置预加单元发生闪爆	无人伤亡直接经济损失198万元
2020年4月	美国北卡州朗维尤一氢燃料工厂	加氢站爆炸	无人伤亡，损失数百美元
2021年8月4日	中国辽宁沈阳经济开发区一企业院	加氢站内卸车柱上软管破裂导致氢气罐爆燃	无人伤亡直接经济损失1475万元
2021年9月11日	湖南省永兴镇马田镇	个人私自利用液化石油气钢瓶制氢，导致其制氢罐发生爆炸	1人死亡，1人受伤直接经济损失超93万元
2022年4月24日	中国石化齐鲁石化胜利炼油厂	氢气泄漏着火	无人伤亡直接经济损失180万元

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表 2 CO₂等不活泼气体抑制氢气的实验研究^[21-30]

Table 2. Experimental studies on the inhibition of hydrogen by inert gases, including CO₂^[21-30]

研究人员	研究对象	实验装置	抑爆剂	结论
刘原一等^[21]	H₂/CO	2 m长不锈钢管道	N₂、CO₂	CO₂对混合气爆燃特性的影响强于N₂，主要表现在燃爆下限和压力波传播上
Yan等^[22]	H₂/CO	球形爆炸室	N₂、CO₂	随着CO₂和N₂含量的增加，绝热火焰温度、热扩散系数和活性自由基摩尔分数不断降低，使层流燃烧速度降低。其次，CO₂抑制氢气爆炸压力比N₂更有效
Li等^[23]	H₂	肥皂泡装置	He、Ar、 N₂、CO₂	影响热扩散系数、绝热火焰温度、层流燃烧速度和热膨胀率的降低排序：He>Ar>N₂>CO₂，且N₂不存在第三体效应，第三体效应：CO₂>Ar>He，因此，CO₂是缓解氢气爆炸较有效的添加物
Wei等^[24]	H₂	定容燃烧弹	Ar、N₂、CO₂	不活泼气体的稀释减缓了火焰在燃烧室中的传播。抑制作用由小到大依次是Ar、N₂、CO₂
Wang等^[25]	H₂	7.3 L圆筒封闭容器	Ar、N₂、CO₂	CO₂比热高于N₂和Ar，且CO₂对能量损失的增加最显著，N₂和Ar次之，因此CO₂的抑制效果优于Ar和N₂
邹颖等^[26]	H₂	20L爆炸球	N₂、CO₂	CO₂在爆炸压力及压力增长率方面的抑制效果优于N₂
Wang等^[27]	H₂/LPG	20L爆炸球	N₂、CO₂	比较了爆炸压力、自由基的摩尔分数和产生速率，得出CO₂抑制作用优于N₂。其中N₂主要起到了物理抑制作用，而CO₂还发挥了化学抑制作用
Chang等^[28]	H₂	20 L标准球形爆炸容器中	N₂、CO₂	N₂、CO₂气体稀释的抑制作用可以平衡湍流的促进作用。在某些情况下，由于CO₂的分子量较大，其对爆炸行为的增强作用比N₂射流更明显
Wu等^[29]	H₂	圆柱形停滞室	N₂、CO₂	从火焰长度减速比的比较可知，CO₂与N₂的减缓效果非常接近
Zhang等^[30]	H₂	爆炸管道	N₂、CO₂	比较了爆炸压力、燃烧持续时间和火焰传播等爆炸参数，验证了CO₂比N₂抑制效果强。此外，多层爆炸抑制对不同侧缓蚀剂的抑制效果最好

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表 3 惰性气体对绝热火焰温度的影响^[23]

Table 3. Effects of inert gases on adiabatic flame temperature^[23]

当量比	绝热火焰温度/K
当量比	He	Ar	N₂	CO₂
0.6	2764.9	2764.9	2222.5	1645.6
0.8	2988.8	2988.8	2566.2	1955.6
1.0	3090.1	3090.1	2760.8	2464.1
1.4	3069.8	3069.8	2705.8	2076.7
2.0	2853.0	2853.0	2478.2	1865.4

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表 4 卤代烃与活化中心化学反应参数对比^[77]

Table 4. Comparison of halogenated hydrocarbons and activation center chemical reaction parameters^[77]

反应过程	活化能$ {E}_{\mathrm{a}} $/(kJ∙mol⁻¹)	反应速率常数$ K $/(cm³∙mol⁻¹∙s⁻¹)
CHF₃+OH·→CF₃+H₂O	19.10	2.71×10^-16
CHClF₂+OH·→CClF₂+ H₂O	12.72	4.60×10^-15
CH₂FCF₃+OH·→CHFCF₃+H₂O	12.80	4.16×10^-15
C₂HF₅+OH·→C₂F₅+H₂O	13.80	1.90×10^-15

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