Influence of typical metal powders on the shock wave effect and thermal damage performance of FAE
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摘要: 为了探究典型金属粉末对燃料空气炸药（fuel air explosive，FAE）冲击波效应和热毁伤性能的影响，采用20 L球形液体爆炸测试系统并结合比色测温方法，深入研究了不同金属粉种类和含量下环氧丙烷(epoxypropane，PO)的燃爆特性、火焰结构及温度分布特征。实验结果表明：纯环氧丙烷的最佳质量浓度为780 g/m3，最大爆燃超压∆pmax = 0.799 MPa，最大压力上升速率(dp/dt)max = 52.438 MPa/s。添加Al粉、Ti粉和Mg粉的环氧丙烷最大燃爆超压、最大压力上升速率和最大火焰平均温度均随着金属粉末质量比（I）的增加而增大，而最大压力上升时间的变化趋势则与之相反；最大燃爆超压和最大火焰平均温度的变化规律一致，从大到小依次为：Al/PO、Mg/PO、Ti/PO，且当金属粉的质量比I = 40%时，3种固-液混合燃料的∆pmax值相较于纯环氧丙烷分别增加了12.00%、8.41%和11.54%；此外，最大压力上升速率和燃烧速率的变化规律一致，从大到小依次为：Mg/PO、Al/PO、Ti/PO，且当金属粉的质量比I = 40%时，3种固-液混合燃料的(dp/dt)max值相较于纯环氧丙烷分别增加了41.91%、39.60%和45.29%。研究结果表明，不同高能金属粉末在改善环氧丙烷燃爆性能方面各有优势，在FAE的配方设计时，应根据毁伤性能指标合理选择金属粉末作为含能添加剂。Abstract: To investigate the influence of typical metal powders on the shock wave effect and thermal damage performance of fuel air explosive (FAE), the explosion characteristics, flame structure and temperature distribution characteristics of epoxypropane (PO) with different types and contents of metal powders were experimentally studied using a 20 L spherical liquid explosion test system. The temperature field of explosion flame was reconstructed by the colorimetric temperature measurement method with a high-speed camera, which is based on the gray-body radiation theory and a self-written python code. The tungsten lamp was used to calibrate the measuring accuracy of the temperature mapping system, and the fitting relationship between the temperatures and the gray values of the high-speed images is derived to obtain the conversion coefficient. The experimental results show that the optimal mass concentration of pure PO was 780 g/m3, both the explosion overpressure (∆pmax) and the explosion pressure rise rate ((dp/dt)max) reached the maximum, ∆pmax=0.799 MPa and (dp/dt)max=52.438 MPa/s, respectively. The maximum explosion overpressure, maximum explosion pressure rise rate and maximum average temperature of PO added with Al, Ti and Mg powders all increase with the increase of mass ratios (I), while the trend of maximum pressure rise time is opposite. The variation rules of the maximum explosion overpressure and maximum average temperature are consistent, the order of their values is: Al/PO, Mg/PO, Ti/PO. When I=40%, the maximum explosion overpressure value of the three solid-liquid mixed fuels increases by 12.00%, 8.41% and 11.54%, respectively, compared with pure PO. In addition, the variation rules of the maximum explosion pressure rise rate and the combustion rate are consistent, the order of their values is: Al/PO, Mg/PO, Ti/PO. When I=40%, the maximum explosion pressure rise rate value of the three solid-liquid mixed fuels increases by 41.91%, 39.60% and 45.29%, respectively, compared with the pure PO. The results indicate that different high-energy metal powders have varied advantages in improving the explosion performance of PO, so metal powders should be appropriately selected as energetic additives according to the damage performance index in the formulation design of FAE.
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图 1 不同金属粉末的粒径分布图和扫描电镜图像
Figure 1. Particle size distribution and SEM images of different metal powders
图 4 不同质量浓度的环氧丙烷最大燃爆超压及最大压力上升速率
Figure 4. Maximum explosion overpressure and maximum pressure rise rate of epoxypropane with different mass concentrations
图 5 燃料的燃爆压力时程曲线及压力上升速率
Figure 5. Explosion pressure time history curve and pressure rise rate of fuels
图 6 固-液混合燃料燃爆压力、最大燃爆超压及最大压力上升速率
Figure 6. Explosion pressure, maximum explosion overpressure and maximum pressure rise rate of solid-liquid mixed fuels
图 7 Al/PO、Ti/PO和Mg/PO固-液混合燃料爆炸参数柱状图
Figure 7. Al/PO, Ti/PO and Mg/PO solid-liquid mixed fuels explosion parameters histogram
图 8 不同质量比固-液混合燃料的混合形态
Figure 8. Mixed forms of solid-liquid mixed fuels with different mass ratios
图 9 I = 20%时Al/PO固-液混合燃料燃爆火焰传播过程
Figure 9. Flame propagation process of Al/PO solid-liquid mixed fuel when I = 20%
图 10 4种不同质量比的Al/PO、Ti/PO、Mg/PO固-液混合燃料在t = 15 ms时刻的火焰图像
Figure 10. Al/PO, Ti/PO and Mg/PO solid-liquid mixed fuels flame images with four different mass ratios when t = 15 ms
图 11 I = 20%时Al/PO固-液混合燃料火焰温度分布云图
Figure 11. Temperature distribution of Al/PO solid-liquid mixed fuel when I = 20%
图 12 不同质量比下Al/PO固液混合燃料的平均火焰温度-时间曲线
Figure 12. Average flame temperature-time curves of Al/PO solid-liquid mixed fuels with different mass ratios
图 13 不同质量比的Al/PO、Ti/PO、Mg/PO固-液混合燃料燃爆火焰的最大平均温度
Figure 13. Maximum average flame temperature of Al/PO, Ti/PO, Mg/PO solid-liquid mixed fuels with different mass ratios
表 1 不同质量浓度环氧丙烷的最大燃爆超压及最大压力上升速率实验结果
Table 1. Experimental results of maximum explosion overpressure and maximum pressure rise rate of epoxypropane with different mass concentrations
环氧丙烷质量
浓度/（g·m−3）最大燃爆超压
∆pmax/MPa最大压力上升速率
(dp/dt)max/（MPa·s−1）116 0.667 28.893 282 0.726 43.880 448 0.744 45.808 614 0.785 50.941 780 0.799 52.438 946 0.728 41.523 1112 0.688 33.178 
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表 2 金属粉末/环氧丙烷固-液混合燃料的配方
Table 2. Formulation of metal powders/epoxypropane solid-liquid mixed fuel
样品编号 液体燃料 典型金属粉末 质量浓度/（g·m−3） 质量比/% 质量/g 1 780 10 1.84 2 20 4.00 3 30 7.12 4 40 11.06
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