On mechanism and prevention of sympathetic detonation of bench blasting in water-rich fissure open-pit mine
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摘要: 殉爆现象会影响露天矿台阶爆破作业安全、边坡稳定性和爆破效果。在炸药冲击起爆机理基础上，并结合露天矿实际富水裂隙岩体台阶爆破振动监测结果，通过对比爆破振动信号波动差异来判别殉爆现象。为研究殉爆产生的机理和防殉爆方法，采用数值模拟和现场试验分析主发药量、裂隙宽度及药包之间的距离等参数对被发药包孔壁压力的影响。结果表明：孔壁冲击压力随着装药耦合系数的减小、炮孔间裂隙宽度（0.25~1.00 cm）的增大以及炮孔间距离的减小而提高。在裂隙位置装药使用阻波管、充填岩粉或设置空气间隔器，能显著降低通过富水裂隙传递到被发炮孔的冲击压力，并使其低于乳化炸药的起爆压力临界值。当炮孔内只有单条裂隙时，选择填充岩粉是便捷且有效防殉爆方法；当炮孔内有多条裂隙时，该试验条件下，炮孔内放置厚度为2.6 mm的阻波管是最佳防殉爆方法，并能保证爆破效果。Abstract: Sympathetic detonation is defined as the phenomenon where the detonation pressure in one borehole causes explosives in another adjacent borehole to be detonated through an inert medium. It can increase the stress wave and the value of peak particle velocity, even causing fly rock to be thrown far away. These effects can impact the safety of blasting operation, slope stability, and blasting effects. Sympathetic detonation was identified by comparing the fluctuation difference of recorded blast-induced vibration signals. To investigate the mechanism of sympathetic detonation and methods of preventing sympathetic detonation in water-rich fissure open-pit mines, numerical simulation and field tests were adopted to analyze the effects of parameters on the occurrence of sympathetic detonation, such as the quantity of donor charge, crack width, and distance between charges. These results indicated that the borehole pressure increased with the decrease in decoupled charge coefficient, the increase of the crack width between boreholes (0.25-1.00 cm), and the decrease in the distance between boreholes. By using a wave-blocking tube, filling rock power, or setting up an air gap, the impact pressure produced by the donor charge was transmitted to the acceptor charge through the water-rich cracks. These methods made impact pressure lower than the critical detonation pressure of the emulsion explosive, which could prevent the sympathetic detonation of the accepted charge. Based on the field tests and simulated results, rock power filling was the best method of preventing sympathetic detonation when there was a single crack between the boreholes. Meanwhile, using a wave-blocking tube with a thickness of 2.6 mm was the best method of preventing sympathetic detonation when there were multiple cracks between the boreholes. Above all, the proposed detection method and obtained technologies provide the theory and guidance for preventing sympathetic detonation, which leads to improved blasting effects and the safety of blasting operations.
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图 2 易殉爆区炮孔的内壁照片
Figure 2. Photos of the inner wall of the blast hole in the susceptible sympathetic detonation zone
图 3 易殉爆区炮孔内积水的照片
Figure 3. Photos of water accumulation in the blast hole in the susceptible sympathetic detonation zone
图 4 宝马矿采空区示意图
Figure 4. Schematic representation of the goaf area in the Baoma coal mine
图 5 不同爆心距处质点的3向峰值振动速度
Figure 5. The three-directional peak particle velocities at different distances from the blast center
图 6 距爆心80.89 m处不同试验工况下测得的Z方向质点振动速度时程曲线
Figure 6. Z-directional particle vibration velocity-time curves measured at 80.89 m away from the blast center under different test conditions
图 9 炮孔间贯穿裂隙中水耦合条件下岩体爆破的应力云图
Figure 9. The stress cloud maps of rock blasting under water-coupled conditions in through-going cracks between blast holes
图 10 无防护措施时被发药包内部不同单元的压力时程曲线
Figure 10. Pressure-time history curves of different elements in the acceptor charge without protective measurements
图 11 不同炮孔间距条件下岩体爆破的应力云图
Figure 11. Stress distribution of rock blasting under different blast hole spacings
图 12 无防护措施时被发药包内部F单元峰值压力随炮孔间距的变化
Figure 12. Variation of peak pressure of element F within the acceptor charge with blast hole spacing under unprotected conditions
图 13 在炮孔间不同裂隙宽度的条件下岩体爆破的应力云图
Figure 13. Stress distribution of rock blasting under the condition of different crack widths between boreholes
图 14 无防护措施时被发药包内部F单元的峰值压力随炮孔间裂隙宽度的变化
Figure 14. Variation of peak pressure of element F in the acceptor charge with crack width between blastholes under unprotected conditions
图 15 不同主发药量条件下岩体爆破的应力云图
Figure 15. Stress distribution of rock blasting under the condition of different main charge masses
图 16 无防护措施时被发药包内部F单元的峰值压力随主发药量的变化
Figure 16. Variation of peak pressure of element F in the acceptor charge with main charge mass under unprotected conditions
图 17 主发炮孔放置阻波管位置示意图
Figure 17. Schematic diagram of the placement of a wave-blocked tube in the main blasting hole
图 18 主发炮孔填塞岩粉位置示意图
Figure 18. Schematic diagram of the placement of the crushed rock powder in the main blasting hole
图 19 阻波管防殉爆模型
Figure 19. The model with the wave-blocked tube for preventing sympathetic detonation
图 20 在主发炮孔内安装不同厚度阻波管的条件下岩体爆破的应力分布
Figure 20. Stress distribution of rock blasting with wave-blocked tubes of different thicknesses installed in the main blast hole
图 21 在主发炮孔内安装不同厚度阻波管的条件下被发药包内部单元F的压力时程曲线
Figure 21. Pressure-time history curves of element F inside the acceptor charge with wave-blocked tubes of different thicknesses installed in the main blast hole
图 22 填塞岩粉的防殉爆模型
Figure 22. The model with filling rock powder for preventing sympathetic detonation
图 23 在主发炮孔内填充不同材料的条件下岩体爆破的应力云图
Figure 23. Stress distribution of rock blasting with different materials filled in the main blast hole
图 24 在主发炮孔内填充不同材料的条件下被发药包内部单元F的压力时程曲线
Figure 24. Pressure-time curves of element F within the acceptor charge with different materials filled in the main blast hole
图 26 在主发炮孔内放置不同厚度阻波管的防殉爆试验振速时程曲线
Figure 26. Vibration velocity-time curves of preventing sympathetic detonation tests with wave-blocked tubes of different thicknesses in the main blast hole
图 27 主发炮孔内不同填充材料条件下防殉爆试验振速时程曲线
Figure 27. The vibration velocity-time curves of preventing sympathetic detonation tests under different filling materials in the main blast hole
表 1 现场试验参数
Table 1. Test parameters
组号 地质条件 孔径/mm 孔深/m 单孔药量/kg 排间延期/ms 孔间延期/ms 装药方式 起爆方式 1 岩体裂隙水丰富 200 13.5 96 65 42 分段装药 逐孔起爆 2 岩体无裂隙水 200 13.5 96 65 42 分段装药 逐孔起爆 
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$ {\rho _{\text{e}}} $/(g·cm−3) A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω Ee0/GPa D/(km·s−1) 1.20 494.6 1.89 3.91 1.11 0.3 3.87 4.1
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模型参数 说明 参数值 模型参数 说明 参数值 ρr0/(g·cm−3) 初始密度 2.23 ε0c/s−1 参考压缩应变率 2.9×10-11 fs* 相对抗剪强度 0.25 ε0t/s−1 参考拉伸应变率 2.9×10-12 ft* 相对抗拉强度 0.23 εc/s−1 失效压缩应变率 1.5×1019 G/GPa 剪切模量 0.22 εt/s−1 失效拉伸应变率 1.5×1019 fc/MPa 单轴抗压强度 120.22 βc 压缩应变率指数 0.0076 D1 损伤系数 0.10 βt 拉伸应变率指数 0.0094 D2 损伤系数 1.00 A 失效面参数 1.40 Q0 拉压-子午比参数 0.58 N 失效面指数 0.40 α 初始空隙率 1.10 pel/MPa 压碎压力 82.12 Np 孔隙度指数 3.20 pco/MPa 压实压力 4.00 B0 状态方程参数 1.51 Af 残余强度面参数 0.85 B1 状态方程参数 1.51 Nf 残余强度面参数 0.42
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${\rho _{\text{w}}}$/(g·cm−3) C/(km·s−1) S1 S2 S3 Ew $ {\gamma _0} $ 1.0 1.48 2.56 1.986 1.2268 0 1
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表 5 不同参数的数值模拟方案
Table 5. Numerical simulation schemes with different parameters
方案 编号 炮孔间距/m 裂缝宽度/cm 装药量/kg 装药长度/m 填充长度/m Ⅰ Ⅰ-1 4 1.00 96 4.5 4 Ⅰ-2 5 Ⅰ-3 6 Ⅰ-4 7 Ⅰ-5 8 Ⅱ Ⅱ-1 6 0.25 96 4.5 4 Ⅱ-2 0.50 Ⅱ-3 0.75 Ⅱ-4 1.00 Ⅱ-5 1.50 Ⅱ-6 2.00 Ⅲ Ⅲ-1 6 1.00 24 4.5 4 Ⅲ-2 36 Ⅲ-3 48 Ⅲ-4 60 Ⅲ-5 72 Ⅲ-6 96
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