航空动力锂离子电池热失控行为与气体燃爆危险性研究进展

杨娟; 牛江昊; 魏陟珣; 胡佳宁; 包防卫; 张青松

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2024-0175

航空动力锂离子电池热失控行为与气体燃爆危险性研究进展

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0175

杨娟^{1, 2,},
牛江昊³,
魏陟珣³,
胡佳宁³,
包防卫³,
张青松^{1, 3, ,}

1.
中国民航大学天津市城市空中交通系统技术与装备重点实验室，天津 300300
2.
中国民航大学工程技术训练中心，天津 300300
3.
中国民航大学安全科学与工程学院，天津 300300

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（U2033204）；天津市城市空中交通系统技术与装备重点实验室开放基金（TJKL-UAM-202302）；中央高校基本科研业务费（3122023025）

详细信息

作者简介:
杨　娟（1983－　），女，硕士，副教授，haishi_yj11@126.com

通讯作者:
张青松（1977－　），男，博士研究生，nkzqsong@126.com

中图分类号: O384
计量
- 文章访问数: 15
- HTML全文浏览量: 5
- PDF下载量: 0
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-06-11
- 修回日期: 2024-10-16
- 网络出版日期: 2024-10-18

A review of thermal runaway impacts and gas explosion of aviation propulsion lithium-ion batteries

1.
Key Laboratory of Technology and Equipment of Tianjin Urban Air Transportation System, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
2.
Engineering Techniques Training Center, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
3.
College of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China

摘要

摘要: 动力锂离子电池安全是制约电动航空器运行与适航取证的技术瓶颈问题，影响全球电动航空的发展。由锂离子电池热失控引发的燃烧、爆炸等失效事件将造成机毁人亡的灾难性后果。本文旨在为相关研究人员介绍锂离子电池热失控爆炸特性的研究现状，从锂离子电池热失控燃爆行为、热失控气体爆炸极限以及热失控气体爆炸危险性评估三方面进行阐述：在锂离子电池热失控燃爆行为方面，介绍了锂离子电池热失控发展过程，分析了热失控冲击特征参数测定方法，总结了热射流演变机制及射流火焰的模拟仿真与实验方法；针对热失控气体的爆炸极限，对比国内外气体爆炸极限测试标准，总结了热失控气体爆炸极限理论计算方法，并对原位检测爆炸极限的创新方法进行了介绍；在热失控气体爆炸危险性评估方面，介绍了老化锂离子电池危险性评估方法，以及爆炸危险性参数指标。提出未来的研究将侧重于先进诊断技术、增强电解质稳定性、多尺度建模、先进抑制技术以及建立标准化测试流程和技术法规等领域。
- 航空动力锂离子电池 /
- 热失控 /
- 气体燃爆 /
- 爆炸冲击
Abstract: The safety of propulsion lithium batteries is a technical bottleneck problem restricting the operation and airworthiness certification of electric aircraft and affects the development of electric aviation worldwide. Failure events such as combustion and explosion triggered by thermal runaway of lithium batteries will cause the catastrophic consequences of aircraft destruction and casualties. This paper aims to introduce the status of aircraft lithium battery thermal runaway explosion characteristics for relevant researchers from three aspects, respectively, lithium-ion battery thermal runaway combustion and explosion behavior, thermal runaway gas explosion limit and thermal runaway gas explosion hazard assessment. In terms of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway explosion behaviors, introduced the lithium-ion battery thermal runaway development process, analyzed the determination of the parameters of the thermal runaway impact characteristics, summarized the evolution of the thermal jet mechanism and the simulation of jet flame and experimental methods; For the thermal runaway gas explosion limit, compared with national and international testing standards for the explosion limit of gases, concluded the theoretical calculation of the explosion limit of thermal runaway gas, as well as in-situ detection of the explosion limit of innovative methods are introduced; In the thermal runaway gas explosion risk assessment, a method of ageing lithium-ion battery risk assessment is proposed by innovatively combining CT non-destructive testing technology with explosion limit in-situ testing method. Based on the characteristics of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway gas explosion limit and pressure rise rate, the factors of explosion danger and explosion severity are obtained, and the explosion risk calculation formula explosion danger parameter indicators are innovated. It proposes that future research will focus on areas such as advanced diagnostic techniques, enhanced electrolyte stability, multi-scale modelling, advanced inhibition techniques, and the establishment of standardized testing processes and safety regulations. It proposes that future research will focus on areas such as advanced diagnostic techniques, enhanced electrolyte stability, multi-scale modeling, advanced inhibition techniques, and the establishment of standardized test procedures and technical regulations.
- aviation propulsion lithium-ion batteries /
- thermal runaway /
- gas explosion /
- explosive shock

HTML全文

图 1 100% SOC电池全尺寸燃烧测试中燃烧现象的不同时间戳对应的视频截图（侧面和正面）^[10]

Figure 1. Video screenshots corresponding to different time stamps of combustion phenomena in the full-scale combustion test of 100% SOC batteries (side and front)^[10]

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图 2 锂离子电池热失控发展过程^[11]

Figure 2. Development of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries^[11]

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图 3 冲击压力测试装置^[13]

Figure 3. Impact pressure test device^[13]

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图 4 强烈喷射阶段内冲击压力随温度的变化^[13]

Figure 4. Impact pressure versus the temperature in the intense ejection stage^[13]

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图 5 强烈喷射阶段内冲击压力变化率随温度的变化曲线^[13]

Figure 5. Change rate of impact pressure versus the temperature in the intense ejection stage^[13]

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图 6 热失控气体不同方位冲击压力随时间的变化^[14]

Figure 6. Variation of impact pressure with time of different orientations of thermal runaway gas ^[14]

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图 7 锂离子电池热失控典型射流行为^[15]

Figure 7. Typical ejection behaviors of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway ^[15]

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图 8 400 W热功率下100% SOC锂离子电池热失控过程红外图像^[17]

Figure 8. Infrared images of thermal runaway process of 100% SOC LIB at 400 W heating power^[17]

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图 9 锂离子电池热失控射流火焰的发展过程及火焰高度^[18]

Figure 9. Development process and flame height of thermal runaway ejecta flame of lithium-ion battery^[18]

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图 10 热失控气体爆炸极限与加热功率和加热温度的关系^[30]

Figure 10. Thermal runaway gas explosion limit with heating power and temperature change relationship^[30]

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图 11 爆炸极限原位测定装置及测试结果^[33]

Figure 11. In-situ explosion limit determination device and test results^[33]

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图 12 不同老化程度电池CT扫描图^[48]

Figure 12. CT scans of batteries with different degrees of ageing^[48]

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图 13 老化锂离子电池热失控气体爆炸极限、爆炸压力和温度随循环圈数的变化^[48]

Figure 13. Variation of thermal runaway gas explosion limits, explosion pressure and temperature of aging lithium-ion batteries with cycle times^[48]

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表 1 冲击压力测试设置^[14]

Table 1. Impact pressure test settings^[14]

测试编号	电池封装结构	电池数量	压力传感器位置
A	6×6	35节电池 +1个加热棒	传感器1（右侧）：水平方向距中心30 cm，垂直方向距电池封装包上端7.5 cm（R-30）；传感器2（右侧）：水平方向距中心40 cm，垂直方向距电池封装包上端10 cm（R-40）；传感器3（背面）：与传感器1相同（B-30）
B	10×10	99节电池 +1个加热棒	传感器1（右侧）：水平方向距中心40 cm，垂直方向距电池盒上端10 cm（R-40）传感器2（背面）：水平方向距中心50 cm，垂直方向距电池盒上端12.5 cm（R-50）

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表 2 可燃气体爆炸极限测试方法^[19]

Table 2. Test methods for explosion limit of flammable gases^[19]

国别	标准体系	应用范围	测定装置	点火装置	判定标准
中国	GB/T12474－ 2008^[20]	常压下空气中爆炸极限	管式装置：硬质玻璃反应管，管内径60 mm±5 mm，管长1400 mm± 50 mm，壁厚≥2 mm	电火花引燃，放电电极距离底部≥100 mm，间距为3～4 mm	目测火焰：火焰非常迅速传播至管顶；一定的速度缓慢传播
中国	GB/T 21844－ 2008^[21]	常温至150 ℃和常压下易燃性浓度极限，燃烧上限UFL及下限浓度LFL	5 L/12 L长颈玻璃瓶	中心点火：10 mm长熔丝；或电火花电极间隙6～10 mm：或高压电弧6 mm间距，30 mA等；化学点火引燃	目测观察火焰传播：到达瓶壁或至少离器壁13 mm运动沿瓶壁传播≥90°
中国	GB/T27862－ 011^[22]	空气中可燃范围/爆炸范围：可燃上限、可燃下限	厚玻璃圆筒，内径≥50 mm，高度≥300 mm	火花发生器，电极间距5 mm，10 J/次	目测火焰是否通过反应管传播，火焰分离并传播，传播至少10 cm为易燃。氢气可采用温度测量探针
美国	ASTM E 681^[23]	常压高温（室温至150 ℃）	球式装置：5 L球形玻璃容器，内径222 mm	中心电火花引燃，15 kV，持续0.4 s，约4 J	目测不低于0.2 m
美国	ASTM E 918^[24]	高温高压（室温至200 ℃，初始压力不大于1.38 MPa）	金属容器，容积V≥1L，内径D≥76 mm	115 V电熔丝	初始压力提升量不低于7%
欧盟	EN 1839^[25]	常压，室温至200 ℃	管式装置：柱形玻璃管，长度L≥300 mm，内径D80±2 mm；球形装置：球形或圆柱形体积V≥5 L,长径比1～1.5	管式：高压电火花引燃，持续0.2 s，约2 J球形：10～20 J熔丝，间距5 mm，截面2.5～ 7 mm²	管式测定：目测火焰传播0.1 m 球式测定：初始压力提升5%
欧盟	prEN 17624^[26]	高温高压（室温至400 ℃，常压至10.0 MPa）	球形装置，1 L、3 L、5 L和10 L	感应火花、表面间隙火花或爆炸桥丝	不大于0.2 MPa时为5%初始压力，0.2 MPa以上时为2%初始压力，均不含点火源的压力提升量

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表 3 不同实验条件下CO₂、CO和H₂的生成体积^[31]

Table 3. production volume of CO₂, CO and H₂ under different experimental conditions^[31]

环境压力/kPa	SOC/%	气体生成体积/L
环境压力/kPa	SOC/%	CO₂	CO	H₂
30	25	0.07	0	0.04
30	100	0.58	1.03	0.72
101	25	0	0.18	0.14
101	100	1.26	1.51	0.93

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