爆炸冲击伤发生机制及防护材料研究进展

阮洪伟; 范思宇; 曾灵; 蒋建新; 张安强

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2024-0197

爆炸冲击伤发生机制及防护材料研究进展

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0197

阮洪伟^1,,
范思宇¹,
曾灵^{1, 2},
蒋建新^{1, 2},
张安强^{1, 2, ,}

1.
陆军军医大学大坪医院战创伤医学中心，重庆 400042
2.
陆军军医大学大坪医院创伤与化学中毒国家重点实验室，重庆 400042

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2020-JCJQ-ZD-254-05）；陆军特色医学中心人才创新能力培养计划（ZXYZZKY03）；陆军军医大学青年培育项目（2023XQN48）

详细信息

作者简介:
阮洪伟（1995－　），男，博士，助理研究员，ruanhw0519@tmmu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
张安强（1985－　），男，博士，副研究员，zhanganqiang@tmmu.edu.cn

中图分类号: O389
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- 文章访问数: 191
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-06-21
- 修回日期: 2024-10-20
- 网络出版日期: 2024-10-22
- 刊出日期: 2024-12-01

Research progress on the mechanism of explosion impact injury and protective materials

RUAN Hongwei^1
,,
FAN Siyu¹,
ZENG Ling^{1, 2},
JIANG Jianxin^{1, 2},
ZHANG Anqiang^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Wound Trauma Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China

摘要

摘要: 爆炸冲击伤是我国面临的重大公共卫生问题，呈现高发、群发、难防的特点，并且危重伤多，感染发生率高，诊治难度大。对爆炸冲击伤施以有效的防护胜过任何最可靠的救治。爆炸冲击伤防护是涉及医学、材料学、爆炸冲击力学等多学科的复杂问题，需要建立起爆炸冲击波传播、伤情评估、材料设计制备及材料衰减性能评测等方面的关系。基于此，本文从爆炸冲击波的产生、传播及爆炸冲击伤的发生机制出发，介绍了肺部、颅脑爆炸伤致伤机制，给出了不同程度的肺部、颅脑冲击伤的损伤力学指标，并系统地综述了爆炸冲击伤防护材料的研究现状及进展，讨论了不同材料的防护机理，重点针对目前广泛使用的爆炸冲击波防护材料，如多孔材料、水凝胶、聚脲等进行综述。此外，针对防护材料衰减爆炸冲击波性能评估方法不统一的问题，对材料衰减爆炸冲击波性能，如生物评估法、引线测试法等评估方法进行了全面的调研并分析了各种评估方法的优缺点。最后展望了在爆炸冲击波防护性能评测、动物爆炸冲击伤伤情和材料防护性能与人员防护之间的尺度关系、材料力学指标与防护性能之间的关系等方面的发展趋势。本文可为人员爆炸冲击伤防护材料的设计制备、应用和测试提供技术、理论参考。
- 爆炸冲击伤 /
- 发生机制 /
- 防护 /
- 材料
Abstract: Explosion shock injury is a major public health problem facing China, characterized by high incidence rate, mass occurrence, and difficulty in prevention, with many critical injuries, high infection rates, and difficult diagnosis and treatment. Effective protection against explosive shock injuries is superior to any reliable treatment. Explosion shock injury protection is a complex problem involving multiple disciplines such as medicine, materials science, and explosion shock mechanics. It requires establishing relationships between the propagation of explosion shock waves, injury assessment, material design and preparation, and evaluation of material attenuation performance. Based on this, starting from the generation, propagation of explosion shock wave and the occurrence mechanism of explosion shock injury, this paper introduces the injury mechanism of lung and brain explosion injury, gives the injury mechanics indexes of different degrees of lung and brain explosion injury, systematically reviews the research status and progress of protective materials for explosion shock injury, discusses the protection mechanism of different materials, and focuses on the widely used protective materials for explosion shock wave, such as porous materials, hydrogels, polyurea, etc. In addition, in response to the problem of inconsistent evaluation methods for the attenuation of explosive shock wave performance of protective materials, a comprehensive investigation was conducted on the evaluation methods of material attenuation of explosive shock wave performance, such as biological evaluation method, lead testing method, etc., and the advantages and disadvantages of various evaluation methods were analyzed. Finally, the development trends in the evaluation of explosion shock wave protection performance, the scale relationship between animal explosion shock injury severity and material protection performance and personnel protection, and the relationship between material mechanics indicators and protection performance were discussed. This article aims to provide technical and theoretical references for the design, preparation, application, and testing of protective materials for personnel explosion and impact injuries.
- explosion impact injury /
- mechanism of occurrence /
- protection /
- material

HTML全文

图 1 正常小鼠和爆炸冲击波击中后小鼠的脑和肺部

Figure 1. Brains and lungs of a normal rat and one hit by explosive shock waves

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 人体头部及肺部冲击波超压耐受曲线^[28]

Figure 2. Shock wave overpressure tolerance curves of human head and lung^[28]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 常见的爆炸冲击波衰减性能测试方法^[95-98]

Table 1. Common testing methods for attenuation performance of explosion shock waves^[95-98]

测试方法	特点	优点	缺点
等效压力罐法^[95]	依据实验现场安放的薄铁皮罐在爆炸后的毁伤状况，对冲击波威力进行评估	成本低，操作简单，可测冲击波超压	定量性不准确；适用近场超压
生物评估法^[96]	对生物实验体的受伤程度进行冲击波强度评估	直接有效	专业性强
高速摄影法^[97]	利用高速摄像机拍摄到的爆炸过程以及波阵面的运动过程，推算冲击波压力	记录完整、直观	不准确
存储测试法^[98]	将引线、传感器、适配器和数据采集器集合为一个整体，能够独立采集、存储信息	无需引线布置，测试精确	设备昂贵，信息易丢
引线测试法^[98]	将传感器安装在测试现场，通过电缆将信号传输到仪表，最后使用计算机分析数据	完整记录冲击波的传播情况，测量精确	易受环境和电磁干扰，布设麻烦，成本高且易损坏

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