马蹄形隧道拱脚周边孔爆破围岩的损伤特征

徐帮树; 杜念伟; 王帅帅; 周韧; 高轩; 张万志

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2024-0254

马蹄形隧道拱脚周边孔爆破围岩的损伤特征

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0254

徐帮树^1,,
杜念伟^1, ,,
王帅帅²,
周韧¹,
高轩²,
张万志^{1, 3}

1.
山东大学齐鲁交通学院，山东济南 250000
2.
中交第二公路工程局有限公司设计研究总院，陕西西安 710100
3.
西华大学建筑与土木工程学院，四川成都 610039

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（50909056，52379102）；山东省自然科学基金（ZR2014EEM014）

详细信息

作者简介:
徐帮树（1974－　），男，博士，副教授，xubangshu@sdu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
杜念伟（2000－　），男，硕士研究生，1070735015@qq.com

中图分类号: U455.41
计量
- 文章访问数: 47
- HTML全文浏览量: 9
- PDF下载量: 25
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-07-24
- 修回日期: 2024-09-03
- 网络出版日期: 2024-09-06

Blasting damage characteristics of surrounding rock around the arch foot of horseshoe tunnel

1.
School of Qilu Transportationg, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
2.
CCCC-SHEC Design & Research Institute General, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China
3.
School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, Sichuan, China

摘要

摘要: 为解决隧道拱脚周边孔爆破难成形以致超挖和掌子面底部欠挖问题，研究了马蹄形隧道拱脚周边孔爆破围岩的损伤特征。依托方山隧道，建立了拱脚周边孔的三维数值模型，模拟了拱脚处围岩的损伤情况，分析了爆破效果与自由面形状、装药量以及空孔偏转角的映射关系，并通过现场试验进行了验证。结果表明：自由面形状显著影响围岩的损伤范围和炸药的能量利用率，相较于平直自由面，凹形自由面的损伤范围小，岩石的夹制作用更大，炸药爆破难以有效破碎围岩，能量利用率仅为78%；爆破效果随着装药量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势，当拱脚周边孔的线装药密度为0.624 kg/m时，爆破效果最佳；此外，通过布设空孔和调整空孔偏转角，可以改善拱脚周边孔的爆破效果。采用优化后的爆破参数，拱脚处最大线性超挖量降低了53.1%，隧道轮廓成型平整。
- 隧道爆破 /
- 围岩损伤 /
- 拱脚周边孔 /
- 凹形自由面 /
- 空孔偏转角
Abstract: To address the issues of over-excavation at the tunnel arch foot due to the difficulty of forming the perimeter hole blasting and under-excavation at the tunnel face bottom, the damage characteristics of surrounding rock caused by perimeter hole blasting at the arch foot of a horseshoe-shaped tunnel were studied through a combination of theoretical calculations and numerical simulations. On the theoretical level, an in-depth analysis of the stress distribution and crack radius in the arch foot area was conducted based on the principles of blasting mechanics, and the theoretical charge length for the perimeter holes at the arch foot was derived. Building on this, a 3D numerical model of the perimeter holes at the arch foot was established through numerical simulation. During the modeling process, the damage evolution in the surrounding rock during blasting was simulated by introducing an appropriate damage model, and post-blast damage cloud maps were generated. By comparing the damage cloud maps under different conditions, the relationship between blasting effectiveness and parameters such as free surface shape, charge amount, and void deflection angle was analyzed, further revealing the mechanisms by which these parameters influence the blasting formation results, which were validated through field experiments. The research results indicate that the shape of the free surface significantly impacts the extent of surrounding rock damage and the energy utilization efficiency of explosives. A concave free surface results in a smaller damage range compared to a flat free surface, with greater rock confinement, making it difficult for the explosives to effectively fracture the surrounding rock, leading to an energy utilization rate of only 78%. The blasting effectiveness shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase in charge amount, with the optimal blasting effectiveness achieved when the linear charge density of the perimeter holes at the arch foot is 0.624. Additionally, by setting voids and adjusting the void deflection angle, the blasting effectiveness of the perimeter holes at the arch foot can be improved. With the optimized blasting parameters, the maximum linear over-excavation at the arch foot was reduced by 53.1%, resulting in a smooth tunnel contour. The research outcomes are engineeringly feasible and provide valuable insights for similar projects.
- tunnel blasting /
- urrounding rock damage /
- perimeter holes at the foot of the arch /
- concave free surface /
- deviation angle of the uncharged hole

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图 1 原爆破方案下隧道爆后围岩特征分布

Figure 1. Tunnel surrounding rock characteristics under original blasting scheme

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图 2 爆破的数值模型

Figure 2. Numerical models of blasting

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图 3 切片截面

Figure 3. Sliced cross-section

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图 4 凹形自由面条件下不同截面损伤云图

Figure 4. Damage nephogram of different sections under concave free surface condition

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图 5 平直自由面条件下不同截面损伤云图

Figure 5. Damage nephogram of different sections under flat free surface condition

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图 6 不同自由面条件下的损伤面积

Figure 6. Damage area under different free face conditions

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图 7 不同装药量条件下截面A的损伤云图

Figure 7. Damage nephogram of cross-section A under different charge conditions

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图 8 不同装药量条件下截面B的损伤云图

Figure 8. Damage nephogram of cross-section B under different charge conditions

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图 9 不同装药量条件下截面C的损伤云图

Figure 9. Damage nephogram of cross-section C under different charge conditions

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图 10 不同装药量条件下的损伤面积

Figure 10. Damage area under different charge conditions

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图 11 不同空孔偏转角条件下截面A的损伤云图

Figure 11. Damage nephogram of section A under various hollow hole deflection angle conditions

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图 12 不同空孔偏转角条件下截面B的损伤云图

Figure 12. Damage nephogram of section B under various hollow hole deflection angle conditions

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图 13 不同空孔偏转角条件下截面C的损伤云图

Figure 13. Damage nephogram of section C under various hollow hole deflection angle conditions

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图 14 不同空孔偏转角条件下的损伤面积

Figure 14. Damage area under different hole deflection angle conditions

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图 15 Ⅳ级围岩隧道标准断面（单位：m）

Figure 15. The standard cross section of tunnel in class Ⅳ rock mass (unit: m)

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图 16 炮孔布置

Figure 16. Layout of blasthole

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图 17 爆后围岩情况

Figure 17. Surrounding rock condition after blasting

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图 18 爆后断面的超欠挖（单位：cm）

Figure 18. Over-excavation of the blasting face (unit: cm)

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表 1 隧道的爆破参数

Table 1. Tunnel blasting parameters

炮孔分类	段别/段	孔距/m	孔数	单孔装药量/kg
周边孔	11	0.6	30	0.60
拱脚周边孔	13	0.6	2	1.65

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表 2 岩石的材料参数

Table 2. Material parameters of rock

密度/(kg·m⁻³)	初始裂隙度	压碎压力/MPa	压实压力/GPa	弹性剪切模量/GPa	静态抗压强度/GPa	拉压强度比	剪压强度比
2600	0	125	6	21.9	167.8	0.04	0.21

压缩屈服面参数	拉伸屈服面参数	参考压缩应变率/s⁻¹	参考拉伸应变率/s⁻¹	失效压缩应变率/s⁻¹	失效拉伸应变率/s⁻¹	压缩应变指数	拉伸应变指数
0.53	0.7	3×10⁻⁵	3×10⁻⁶	3×10²⁵	3×10²⁵	0.026	0.007

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表 3 炸药的材料参数

Table 3. Material parameters of explosive

ρ/(kg·m⁻³)	D/(m·s⁻¹)	A/GPa	B/GPa	R₁	R₂	ω	E₀/(MJ·m⁻³)
1200	3000	373	3.74	4.15	0.9	0.15	4.192

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表 4 空气的材料参数

Table 4. Material parameters of air

C₀	C₁	C₂	C₃	C₄	C₅	C₆	ρ/(kg·m⁻³)	E₀/(MJ·m⁻³)
0	0	0	0	0.4	0.4	0	1.29	2500

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表 5 工况的设计参数

Table 5. Design parameters of working conditions

工况	孔深/m	装药量/kg	自由面形式	γ/(°)
1	2.4	1.5	平直自由面
2	2.4	1.5	凹形自由面
3	2.4	0.9	凹形自由面
4	2.4	1.2	凹形自由面
5	2.4	1.8	凹形自由面
6	2.4	1.5	凹形自由面	0
7	2.4	1.5	凹形自由面	15
8	2.4	1.5	凹形自由面	30
9	2.4	1.5	凹形自由面	45

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