活性Whipple结构超高速撞击防护性能实验研究

武强; 张庆明; 龚自正; 任思远; 刘海

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2020-0266

活性Whipple结构超高速撞击防护性能实验研究

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2020-0266

武强^1,,
张庆明^2, ,,
龚自正¹,
任思远²,
刘海³

1.
北京卫星环境工程研究所，北京 100094
2.
北京理工大学爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室，北京 100081
3.
中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所，四川绵阳 621000

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（11802034）；国防科工局“十三五”碎片专项（KJSP2016030301）；中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速碰撞研究中心开放基金（20200103）

详细信息

作者简介:
武　强（1987－　），男，博士，工程师，wuqiang12525@126.com

通讯作者:
张庆明（1963－　），男，博士，教授，博士生导师，qmzhang@bit.edu.cn

中图分类号: O389; V414.9
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-08-04
- 修回日期: 2020-10-21
- 网络出版日期: 2021-02-02
- 刊出日期: 2021-02-05

Experimental investigation into performances of an active Whipple shield against hypervelocity impact

1.
Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, Beijing 100094, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
3.
Hypervelocity Aerodynamic Institute, China Aerodynamic Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan, China

摘要

摘要: 以二级轻气炮作为加载手段，针对以PTFE/Al活性材料为防护屏的Whipple防护结构，开展不同弹丸尺寸、不同碰撞速度的超高速撞击实验。利用激光阴影照相设备，获得并分析了碎片云特性；通过回收的防护结构靶板，研究了活性材料防护结构超高速撞击条件下的后板损伤特性；通过与经典Christiansen撞击极限方程对比，获得活性材料Whipple结构防护性能，并拟合得到新型防护结构的撞击极限曲线。结果表明，相较于同面密度铝合金材料，活性材料超高速撞击条件下的冲击起爆反应使得碎片云中具有侵彻能力的碎片大幅减少，从而显著提升航天器的防护能力，撞击速度为2.31 km/s时最大可提升45%。
- Whipple防护结构 /
- 超高速撞击 /
- 活性材料 /
- 损伤特性 /
- 撞击极限
Abstract: With the continuous increase of centimeter-scale space debris, the exploration and design of new high-performance shields has become an urgent need. Based on the shield of active materials, the hypervelocity impact experiments with different projectile sizes and impact velocities were carried out by using a two-stage light gas gun. The image characteristics of debris clouds under different impact conditions were obtained and analyzed by laser shadowgraph photography. The damage characteristics of the rear wall of the active Whipple shield were studied. Through the statistical analysis of the number of craters, the influences of active materials on the fragmentation of projectiles under different impact velocities were obtained. Compared with the classical Christiansen ballistic limit equation, the protective performance of energetic active material shield was obtained, and the ballistic limit curve of the new shield was fitted. Analysis suggests that shock initiation characteristics of active materials under impact enhanced the shield performance. When impacted by the space debris, active material shield firstly uses its mechanical strength for primary crushing. During this process, the energetic material shield has an explosive reaction with an instantaneous temperature being as high as 3 800 K, which can promote fragmentation, melting and reduce the size of the space debris. At the same time, the explosion products with high temperature, pressure and high speed motion produce a negative acceleration to the projectile fragments, reducing the axial kinetic energy. The explosion products of the active materials are mostly gaseous, which greatly reduce the number of the fragments with penetration ability in the debris cloud. The penetration failure of the rear plate only comes from the fragments generated by the fragmentation of the projectile. Under the combined action of impact and explosion, the active materials shield can not only fully break and decelerate space debris, but also greatly reduce the number of solid debris in debris cloud, thereby produce a sharp rise in the spacecraft protection ability, and the maximum protection ability can be increased by 45% when the velocity is 2.31 km/s.
- Whipple shield /
- hypervelocity impact /
- active materials /
- damage characteristics /
- ballistic limit

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图 1 具有熔融、结晶平台的烧结工艺曲线

Figure 1. Sintering process curve with melting and crystal platform

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图 2 Whipple防护结构实验方案

Figure 2. Whipple shield configuration

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图 3 弹丸弹托及拦截靶拦截前后对比图

Figure 3. Typical sabot and contrast of interception target before and after impact

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图 4 实验1碎片云激光阴影照片（LY-12铝防护屏）

Figure 4. Laser shadowgraphs of debris clouds in experiment 1 (LY-12 Al shield)

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图 5 实验2碎片云激光阴影照片（PTFE/Al防护屏）

Figure 5. Laser shadowgraphs of debris clouds in experiment 2 (PTFE/Al shield)

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图 6 实验1的防护结构后板损伤（LY-12铝防护屏）

Figure 6. Rear wall damage of protective structurein experiment 1 (LY-12 Al shield)

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图 7 实验2的防护结构后板损伤（PTFE/Al防护屏）

Figure 7. Rear wall damage of protective structurein experiment 2 (PTFE/Al shield)

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图 8 实验8的防护结构后板损伤（PTFE/Al防护屏）

Figure 8. Rear wall damage of protective structurein experiment 8 (PTFE/Al shield)

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图 9 实验9的防护结构后板损伤（PTFE/Al防护屏）

Figure 9. Rear wall damage of protective structurein experiment 9 (PTFE/Al shield)

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图 10 实验7后板弹坑环状分布图（PTFE/Al防护屏）

Figure 10. Circular distribution of the craters on the rear wallin experiment 7 (PTFE/Al shield)

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图 11 弹坑数目与撞击速度的关系

Figure 11. Relationship between impact velocity and crater number

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图 12 活性材料及铝合金Whipple结构撞击极限曲线对比

Figure 12. Comparison of ballistic limit curves between active material and aluminum alloy Whipple shileds

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表 1 主要原料参数

Table 1. Parameters of raw materials

原料	规格	生产厂家
聚四氟乙烯	粒径26 μm	美国Dupont公司
铝粉	粒径10 μm，纯度99.9%	河南远洋铝业
高纯氩气	纯度≥99.99%	北京亚男伟业
无水乙醇	纯度≥99.7%	北京化工厂

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表 2 实验参数及损伤情况

Table 2. Hypervelocity impact test configurations and damage results

实验	弹丸参数			Whipple防护结构参数			后板损伤
实验	直径/mm	质量/g	速度/(km·s⁻¹)	前板材料	面密度/(g·cm⁻²)	后板材料	后板损伤
1	6.4	0.38	5.06	LY-12铝	0.84	LY-12铝	穿孔撕裂
2	6.4	0.38	5.03	PTFE/Al	0.84	LY-12铝	轻微层裂
3	5.0	0.18	3.79	PTFE/Al	0.84	LY-12铝	鼓包
4	5.0	0.18	3.88	PTFE/Al	0.84	LY-12铝	鼓包
5	5.0	0.18	4.00	PTFE/Al	0.84	LY-12铝	鼓包
6	6.0	0.31	3.71	PTFE/Al	0.84	LY-12铝	穿孔
7	6.4	0.38	6.08	PTFE/Al	0.84	LY-12铝	轻微鼓包
8	5.0	0.18	2.65	PTFE/Al	0.84	LY-12铝	鼓包
9	6.0	0.31	2.31	PTFE/Al	0.84	LY-12铝	鼓包

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表 3 后板损伤情况统计

Table 3. Damage statistics of rear wall

实验编号	撞击速度/ （km·s⁻¹）	弹坑数目			弹坑总数 (d_c≥2 mm)
实验编号	撞击速度/ （km·s⁻¹）	(d_c＞4 mm)	(3 mm≤d_c≤4 mm)	(2 mm≤d_c＜3 mm)	弹坑总数 (d_c≥2 mm)
2	5.03	6	5	12	23
3	3.79	2	2	0	4
4	3.88	5	0	3	8
5	4.00	3	3	1	7
7	6.08	0	6	9	15
8	2.65	1	0	0	1
9	2.31	1	0	0	1

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