Fracture characteristics of YAG transparent ceramic composite targets subjected to impact of sphere fragments
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摘要: YAG透明陶瓷兼具有优秀的透光性能和抗冲击破坏性能，是武器装备透明部分的优秀防护材料，在军事装备、航天等国防领域具有良好的应用前景。冲击载荷下材料的加载响应特性对掌握材料破坏机制至关重要，能为透明复合靶设计提供依据。为获得YAG透明陶瓷多层复合靶的冲击破坏特性，利用内径9 mm的气体驱动发射平台进行了碳化钨球形破片在20～310 m/s速度下撞击YAG透明陶瓷复合靶的实验，通过高速摄影捕捉的陶瓷表面损伤演化过程，计算了典型径向、环向裂纹扩展速度。通过观测回收的靶体和YAG碎片的宏细观破坏特征，分析了撞击速度与靶体破坏特征之间的联系。结果表明，YAG陶瓷层径向裂纹和环向裂纹扩展速度均随着时间的延长线性降低，且裂纹扩展速度几乎不受撞击速度影响。陶瓷层中心粉碎区面积随撞击速度的提高而增大，且中间玻璃层破坏区域面积与陶瓷锥底面积相关联，陶瓷锥角与撞击速度关联性不强。同时，观察到陶瓷层在冲击破坏过程中出现了裂纹簇，获得了裂纹簇数量与破片撞击速度之间的关系，分析了裂纹簇的特征及其成因。裂纹变向、应力波作用会显著影响细观断面破坏特征。径向、环向和锥裂纹中沿晶断裂的比例均随着裂纹扩展距离的增大而增加，且穿晶比例随着撞击速度的提高而增加。
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关键词:
- YAG透明陶瓷复合靶 /
- 破片冲击 /
- 裂纹扩展速度 /
- 沿晶断裂 /
- 穿晶断裂
Abstract: YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) transparent ceramic, with excellent light transmittance and impact resistance, is an excellent protective material for transparent parts of weapons and equipments. It has a good application prospect in military equipment, aerospace and other national defense fields. The loading responses of material under impact loading are essential for understanding the fracture mechanism and can provide a basis for the composite target design. In order to obtain the fracture characteristics of YAG transparent ceramic composite targets under impact loading, a 9-mm-caliber gas-driven launch platform was used to carry out experiments on the impact of tungsten carbide spherical fragments into YAG transparent ceramic composite targets in the velocity range from 20 m/s to 310 m/s. The typical radial and ring crack propagation velocities were calculated by the surface damage evolution process captured by high-speed photography. The relationship between the impact velocity and the damage characteristics of the recovered targets was analyzed by observing the damage characteristics of the YAG fragments under a macroscope and a microscope. The results show that the propagation velocities of both the radial and ring cracks in the YAG ceramic layer decrease linearly with the increase of time and the crack propagation velocities are almost unaffected by the impact velocities. The central crushing area of the ceramic layer increases with the increase of the impact velocity, and the significant damage area of the intermediate glass layer is related to the area of the bottom ceramic cone. The correlation between ceramic cone angle and impact velocity is weak. Meanwhile, the crack crowns in the ceramic layer were found during the impact process. The relationship between the impact velocity of fragments and the number of crowns was obtained. The feature and the generating reason of the crack crowns were also analyzed. The fracture characteristics under a microscope were significantly affected by the crack orientation and stress wave action. The radial, ring and conical cracks produced more intergranular fracture with the increase of crack propagation distance, and more transgranular fracture with the increase of impact velocity. -
图 1 装配的YAG透明陶瓷复合靶结构
Figure 1. The structure of an assembled YAG transparent ceramic compsite target
图 2 热腐蚀后YAG透明陶瓷的细观特征
Figure 2. Microcharacteristics of YAG transparent ceramic after thermal corrosion observed by scanning electron microscopy
图 3 球形破片冲击YAG透明陶瓷复合靶实验布局
Figure 3. Experimental layout for impact of a YAG transparent ceramic composite target by a spherical fragment
图 4 碳化钨破片表面磨蚀面积与撞击速度的关系
Figure 4. Erosion areas of spherical fragments at different impact velocities
图 5 球形碳化钨破片磨蚀面积、回弹速度与撞击速度的关系
Figure 5. Relationships of rebound velocity and crash area of sphericl tungsten carbide fragment with impact velocity
图 7 不同撞击速度下裂纹扩展距离随时间的演化
Figure 7. Evolution of crack propagation distance with time at different impact velocities
图 8 不同撞击速度下裂纹扩展速度随时间的演化
Figure 8. Evolution of crack propagation velocity with time at different impact velocities
图 9 冲击实验后回收的标记出正面陶瓷层裂纹的复合靶
Figure 9. Recovered composite targets marked with cracks in front ceramic layers after impact experiments
图 10 归一化粉碎区中心面积及陶瓷半锥角随破片撞击速度的变化
Figure 10. Variation of normalized central crash area and crack cone angle of YAG ceramic with fragment impact velocity
图 11 冲击实验后回收的标记出背面玻璃层裂纹的复合靶
Figure 11. Recovered composite targets marked with cracks in back glass layers after impact experiments
图 12 裂纹簇特征数量随撞击速度的变化
Figure 12. Variation of number of crack crowns with impact velocity
图 13 球形破片冲击实验中YAG陶瓷典型细观断面特征
Figure 13. Typical microscopic fracture characteristics of YAG ceramic in spherical fragment impact experiment
图 14 不同情况下由于断面变向导致的沿晶向穿晶转变
Figure 14. Changes of intergranular and transgranular under three different conditions due to the turning of fracture surface
图 16 124 m/s撞击速度下，距撞击中心3种不同距离处的环向裂纹断面特征
Figure 16. Fracture surfaces of ring cracks at three different distances from the impact point under the impact velocity of 124 m/s
图 17 124 m/s的撞击速度下，距撞击中心3个不同距离处的径向裂纹断面特征
Figure 17. Fracture surfaces of radial cracks at three different distances from the impact point under the impact velocity of 124 m/s
图 18 不同冲击速度下，距离撞击点20.0 mm的径向裂纹断面特征
Figure 18. Fracture surfaces of radial cracks at 20.0 mm away from impact points under different impact velocities
图 19 不同冲击速度下，距离撞击点26.0 mm的环向裂纹断面特征
Figure 19. Fracture surfaces of radial cracks at 26.0 mm away from impact points under different impact velocities
图 20 不同冲击速度下，距离撞击点17.0 mm的锥裂纹断面特征
Figure 20. Intergranular and transgranular fracture surfaces of cone cracks at 17.0 mm away from impact points under different impact velocities
表 1 球形破片冲击实验配置
Table 1. Experimental conditions of spherical fragment impact experiments
序号 YAG陶瓷层尺寸 透过率/% 雾度/% 分辨率 撞击速度/（m·s−1） 回弹速度/（m·s−1） 1 82.6 mm×70.3 mm×9.6 mm 81.4 35.50 91.8 20 − 2 81.0 mm×70.1 mm×10.0 mm − − − 106 − 3 81.6 mm×70.7 mm×10.0 mm 74.0 22.70 96.6 124 4.13 4 81.2 mm×70.2 mm×10.0 mm − − − 177 − 5 80.7 mm×69.1 mm×9.9 mm 75.1 7.96 98.9 221 12.12 6 81.0 mm×70.0 mm×10.1 mm 74.8 13.70 97.6 236 16.50 7 80.8 mm×71.6 mm×10.0 mm 73.6 11.40 98.5 281 23.20 8 80.6 mm×71.6 mm×9.6 mm 82.0 32.50 91.9 310 22.45 注：表中“−”符号为未测量到数据。 
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