Investigation into the instability mechanism of hydrogen-oxygen rotating detonation wave propagation using a small-scale model
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摘要: 氢氧的高反应活性给旋转爆轰波的稳定传播带来了巨大的挑战，为研究氢氧旋转爆轰波传播不稳定性，通过改变当量比对小尺寸模型下二维氢氧旋转爆轰波进行数值模拟研究，揭示了氢氧旋转爆轰波复杂多变的传播特性，并分析了典型流场结构，探讨了传播模态的不稳定性以及爆轰波湮灭和再起爆机制。结果表明：随着当量比的提高，流场内分别呈现熄爆、单波、单双波混合3种传播模态，且爆轰波的传播速度随当量比的增大几乎呈线性提高，速度亏损为5%～8%。激波的扰动使得爆燃面失稳产生明显的扭曲和褶皱，氢氧的高反应活性让爆燃面明显分层且在2个分界面上呈现不同的不稳定性，上分界面为Kelvin-Helmholt (K-H)不稳定性，下分界面为Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T)不稳定性。单双波混合模态下爆轰波极不稳定，保持湮灭、单波、双波对撞3种状态之间循环。爆轰波有2种湮灭方式：一是双波对撞导致爆轰波湮灭，二是爆燃面燃烧加剧使得爆燃面下移导致爆轰波湮灭。再起爆的主要原因是：R-T不稳定性诱导爆轰产物与新鲜预混气在爆燃面上相互挤压产生尖峰和气泡结构，增强爆燃面上的反应放热，产生了局部热点并逐渐增强为爆轰波，实现爆燃转爆轰。Abstract: The high reactivity of hydrogen and oxygen poses a huge challenge to the stable propagation of rotating detonation waves. To study the propagation instability of hydrogen-oxygen rotating detonation waves, based on the RYrhoCentralFoam solver developed by OpenFOAM, numerical simulations were conducted on two-dimensional hydrogen-oxygen rotating detonation waves in small scale model by changing the equivalence ratio. The complex and variable propagation characteristics of hydrogen-oxygen rotating detonation waves were revealed, and the typical flow field was analyzed. The instability of propagation modes and the quenching and re-initiation mechanisms of detonation waves were explored. The results show that as the equivalence ratio increases, the flow field exhibits three propagation modes: extinction, single wave, and hybrid waves. The detonation wave velocity increases almost linearly with the increase of equivalence ratio, with a velocity deficit of 5% to 8%. The disturbance of shock waves causes significant distortion and wrinkling on the deflagration surface, while the high reactivity of hydrogen and oxygen results in obvious layering on the deflagration surface and different instability at the two interfaces. The upper interface exhibits Kelvin-Helmholt (K-H) instability, while the lower interface exhibits Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability. As for the hybrid waves, the detonation wave is extremely unstable, maintaining a cycle between three states: quenching, single wave, and double wave collision. There are two ways in which detonation waves can be extinguished: firstly, the collision of two waves leads to the quenching of the detonation wave, and secondly, the intensification of combustion on the deflagration surface leads to the downward movement of the deflagration surface, ultimately resulting in the quenching of the detonation wave. The main reason for re-initiation is that the R-T instability induces detonation products and fresh premixed gas squeezing each other on the deflagration surface. The interaction between fresh premixed gas and products produces spikes and bubbles, enhances the reaction heat release on the deflagration surface, and generates local hotspots. The hotspots gradually increase into detonation waves, achieving the transition from deflagration to detonation.
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图 3 不同当量比下爆轰波的传播速度和速度亏损
Figure 3. Detonation wave velocities and velocity deficits at different equivalence ratios
图 5 工况9下流场温度梯度、马赫数、密度和速度云图
Figure 5. Temperature gradient, Mach number, density and velocity contours in case 9
图 6 密度云图中S2分界面处Atwood数的分布
Figure 6. Distribution of Atwood number along the contact surface S2 in the density contour
图 7 斜压扭矩的大小分布及沿S2表面的局部放大图
Figure 7. Distribution of baroclinic torque and local enlarged view along the contact surface S2
图 9 工况5单双波混合模态下流场发生对撞过程的温度云图
Figure 9. Temperature contours of collision of detonation waves in hybrid waves in case 5
图 10 工况5下入口处各组分质量分数和热释放率
Figure 10. Mass fraction and heat release rate curves of different components at the inlet boundary in case 5
图 11 爆轰波发生湮灭时温度和温度梯度云图
Figure 11. Temperature and temperature gradient contours during detonation wave quenching
图 13 氢氧旋转爆轰波传播不稳定机制总结
Figure 13. Summary of the unstable mechanism of hydrogen-oxygen rotating detonation wave propagation
表 1 爆轰波的传播速度、温度和压力的数值模拟结果和Chapman-Jouguet理论计算结果的对比
Table 1. Numerically-simulated propagation velocity, temperature, and pressure of detonation wave compared with ones calculated by the Chapman-Jouguet theory
温度 压力 速度/(m∙s−1) 模拟值/K 理论值/K 误差/% 模拟值/MPa 理论值/MPa 误差/% 模拟值 理论值 误差/% 3687.31 3675.81 0.31 1.88 1.89 0.53 2881.8 2835.7 1.63 
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表 2 不同网格尺寸下的爆轰参数
Table 2. Detonation parameters under different grid sizes
网格尺寸/mm 速度/(m∙s−1) 温度/K 压力/MPa 0.015 1 979 3049 12.8 0.020 1 975 3062 13.3 0.025 1 962 3085 14.4
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表 3 不同当量比工况下的计算结果
Table 3. Calculation results at different equivalence ratios
工况 当量比 速度/(m∙s−1) 速度亏损/% 传播模态 1 0.20 − − 熄灭 2 0.25 − − 熄灭 3 0.28 1 878 7.38 单波 4 0.33 1 975 6.09 单波 5 0.42 2131 6.05 单双波混合 6 0.55 2294 6.41 单双波混合 7 0.70 2486 5.61 单双波混合 8 0.89 2676 5.49 单双波混合 9 1.09 2838 5.59 单双波混合
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表 4 爆轰波发生湮灭各个时刻的Hf、Hd和Hs
Table 4. Hf, Hd and Hs during detonation wave quenching
t/ms Hf /mm Hd/mm Hs/mm 0.300 5.72 4.16 1.56 0.336 4.68 2.60 2.08 0.372 3.90 1.56 2.34 0.388 3.38 0.00 3.38
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