锂离子电池环境的建构物泄爆研究

李刚; 李世龙; 李秋平; 杨雨憧; 陆宏利; 胥科含

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2025-0067

锂离子电池环境的建构物泄爆研究

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0067

东北大学火灾&爆炸防治实验室，辽宁沈阳 110819

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（52274180）

详细信息

作者简介:
李　刚（1969－　），男，博士，教授，ligang@mail.neu.edu.cn

中图分类号: O389; X932
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-03-04
- 修回日期: 2025-05-15
- 网络出版日期: 2025-05-16
- 刊出日期: 2026-09-01

Explosion venting studies of constructure in lithium-ion battery environments

Fire & Explosion Protection Laboratory, Northeast University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China

摘要

摘要: 利用8 L柱形爆炸测试装置通过设置10.5、15.0、21.2、30.0和60.0 mm五种泄爆口径，模拟探究了锂离子电池热失控环境下建构物的泄爆规律。结果显示：锂离子电池热失控释放气体（BVG）的泄爆压力p_red高于BVG-石墨粉杂混物的p_red，可以不考虑热失控喷出的固体颗粒的影响；p_red随泄爆口径的增大呈指数衰减、与泄爆装置开启压力p_stat呈对数增长关系；结合规范得到了涉及锂离子电池建构物的泄爆面积计算公式，并给出了常用的泄压比C可取0.11。
- 锂离子电池 /
- 热失控 /
- 泄爆压力 /
- 建构物泄爆
Abstract: Lithium-ion battery thermal runaway (LIBTR) poses a serious explosion hazard in enclosed spaces such as warehouses, charging rooms, and energy storage facilities. Despite the increasing attention and regulation of explosion venting in battery storage systems, the current standards lack specific guidance for calculating venting areas in LIBTR environments. To address this issue, an experimental study was conducted in this study using an 8-liter cylindrical explosion tank equipped with five different diameters (10.5, 15, 21.2, 30 and 60 mm) and venting devices with adjustable static opening pressures. The gas released by the thermal runaway of ternary lithium-ion batteries was used as the experimental material. CO, H₂, CH₄, C₂H₄, and CO₂ were pre-mixed in actual proportions and used as a combustible mixture. At the same time, graphite dust with a D50 of 4 μm and a carbon purity of 99% was added to the hybrid explosion test to determine the effect of anode graphite dust on the explosion venting characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. High-energy ignition was used to simulate the worst-case scenario, igniting pure BVG (battery vent gas) and BVG-graphite dust mixtures under turbulent conditions. The pressure sensor monitored the real-time overpressure and recorded the maximum explosion relief pressure (p_red) as the critical output. The results showed that the p_red produced by pure BVG was always higher than that of the mixture containing graphite, indicating that graphite particles have a mitigating effect on the severity of the explosion, which may be due to heat absorption. Therefore, the influence of solid particles ejected by thermal runaway can be ignored when designing the explosion relief. p_red decays exponentially with the increase of the explosion relief diameter and grows logarithmically with the opening pressure p_stat of the explosion relief device. Based on the experimental data and combined with the specification GB50016, the calculation formula for the explosion relief area of lithium-ion battery structures was obtained, and the commonly used pressure relief ratio C is given as 0.11.
- lithium-ion batteries /
- thermal runaway /
- reduced explosion pressure /
- explosion venting of constructure

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图 1 石墨粉尘粒径分布

Figure 1. Particle size distribution of graphite dust

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图 2 8 L实验测试系统示意图

Figure 2. 8 L experimental testing system

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图 3 泄爆装置实物图

Figure 3. Physical drawing of the explosion venting device

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图 4 不同泄爆口径和泄爆膜层数n下泄爆装置静态动作压力

Figure 4. Static operating pressure of the venting device under different venting diameters and explosion-venting membrane layers

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图 5 湍流态下不同体积浓度BVG的p_max和(dp/dt)_max

Figure 5. p_max and (dp/dt)_max at different volume concentrations of BVG in turbulent flow regime

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图 6 不同泄爆口径下BVG添加石墨粉尘后的p_red

Figure 6. p_red after adding graphite dust at 29.0% volume concentration BVG at different venting calibers

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图 7 不同泄爆口径下29.0%体积浓度BVG容器内压力曲线

Figure 7. Pressure curves of BVG vessels with 29.0% volume concentration under different discharge diameters

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图 8 不同泄爆口径下29.0%体积浓度BVG的p_red及拟合曲线

Figure 8. p_red and fitting curves of BVG at 29.0% volume concentration under different discharge diameters

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图 9 不同p_stat下29.0%体积浓度BVG的p_red及拟合曲线

Figure 9. p_red and fitting curves of BVG at 29.0% volume concentration under different p_stat

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图 10 泄压比C随建构物抗爆强度p_red,max的拟合曲线

Figure 10. Fitting curve of pressure relief ratio C with p_red,max of explosion strength of structures

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表 1 NCM锂离子电池热失控释放气体典型组分及浓度^[9]

Table 1. Typical components and concentrations of NCM lithium-ion battery thermal runaway release gas

气体种类 CO₂ CO H₂ CH₄ C₂H₄

体积分数/% 37.3 28.9 22.7 5.4 5.7

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