Explosion pressure evolution of ammonia–hydrogen premixed gas in a large length-to-diameter end-vented long tube with different vent diameters and a modified NFPA 68 model

ZHANG Xiaoneng; WANG Quan; GE Yu

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2026-0012

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ZHANG Xiaoneng, WANG Quan, GE Yu. Explosion pressure evolution of ammonia–hydrogen premixed gas in a large length-to-diameter end-vented long tube with different vent diameters and a modified NFPA 68 model[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2026-0012

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ZHANG Xiaoneng, WANG Quan, GE Yu. Explosion pressure evolution of ammonia–hydrogen premixed gas in a large length-to-diameter end-vented long tube with different vent diameters and a modified NFPA 68 model[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2026-0012

Citation:

ZHANG Xiaoneng, WANG Quan, GE Yu. Explosion pressure evolution of ammonia–hydrogen premixed gas in a large length-to-diameter end-vented long tube with different vent diameters and a modified NFPA 68 model[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2026-0012

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Explosion pressure evolution of ammonia–hydrogen premixed gas in a large length-to-diameter end-vented long tube with different vent diameters and a modified NFPA 68 model

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2026-0012

ZHANG Xiaoneng^1
,,
WANG Quan^{1, 2
,
,},
GE Yu¹

1.
School of Chemical and Blasting Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
2.
Anhui Province Engineering Research Center for New Explosive Materials and Blasting Technology, Huainan 232001, China

Received Date: 2026-01-10
Rev Recd Date: 2026-04-30

Available Online: 2026-05-06

Abstract

Abstract

Vented deflagrations in ducts with a high length-to-diameter ratio are frequently encountered in hydrogen–ammonia energy systems, yet the pressure evolution and the applicability of engineering venting standards remain insufficiently validated for “large length-to-diameter ratio plus small end vent” configurations. An experimental study was therefore conducted to quantify how end-vent diameter affected the internal and external pressure characteristics of ammonia–hydrogen premixed gas in a long tube, and to improve the prediction accuracy of the NFPA (national fire protection association) standard 68, which standard on explosion protection by deflagration venting. Experiments were carried out in a stainless-steel duct system with a total length of 2 m, one end closed and the other end equipped with an end vent sealed by a thin vent membrane. Three circular vent diameters (120, 80, and 40 mm) were tested, corresponding to venting ratios of 100%, 44.4%, and 11.1%, respectively. Tests were performed under near-ambient initial conditions at a fixed equivalence ratio of 0.8, while the ammonia fraction in the fuel (ammonia plus hydrogen) was varied from 30% to 70%. Gas mixtures were prepared by partial-pressure charging after evacuating the mixing vessel, followed by sufficient standing time to promote homogeneity. A pressure transducer installed near the downstream region recorded the pressure–time history. For each condition, 3–4 repeated runs were conducted; representative traces were selected based on proximity to the mean of characteristic parameters. From each pressure trace, the membrane burst pressure, the internal venting peak pressure, the peak pressure associated with an external secondary explosion, and the duration of the pressure plateau or quasi-plateau were extracted. The maximum reduced explosion pressure was also calculated using NFPA 68 and compared against measurements; a correction correlation was then developed by incorporating the geometric venting ratio and the static activation pressure of the venting device. Under full venting, pressure histories exhibited a typical three-peak structure corresponding to membrane rupture, internal venting peak, and external secondary explosion peak. Increasing the ammonia fraction caused only minor changes in burst pressure but markedly reduced both the internal venting peak and the external secondary-explosion peak, while extending the plateau or quasi-plateau duration; at high ammonia fractions, the external secondary explosion was strongly suppressed. Decreasing the vent diameter intensified pressure oscillations, prolonged the time to membrane rupture, and generally increased both burst pressure and internal venting peak pressure; the external peak showed a vent-size-dependent trend that differed between low- and high- ammonia regimes. NFPA 68 predictions were close to measurements for the largest vent but showed systematic overestimation for medium and small vents; the deviation was governed mainly by vent geometry rather than mixture composition. For the investigated duct (length-to-diameter ratio about 16.7) with end venting, the overestimation reached approximately 4–8 times for the medium vent and about 30–80 times for the small vent. A correction model incorporating geometric venting ratio and static activation pressure reduced the discrepancy substantially, with the corrected-to-measured maximum reduced explosion pressure ratio mostly constrained within about 1–4.3. These findings provide experimentally grounded guidance and a practical correlation for vent design and safety evaluation of end-vented long-duct systems using ammonia–hydrogen premixed fuels.
- ammonia–hydrogen premixed gas,
- vent diameters,
- explosion overpressure,
- NFPA 68

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References(68)

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