Development of a miniature explosion device initiated by a synchronous launcher of marbles driven by two-stage high-pressure gas
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摘要: 针对当前大当量地下爆炸真空室模拟试验中爆源起爆方式高度依赖火药制品等问题，基于地下爆炸相似理论和二级气炮原理，自主研制了二级高压驱动阵列弹珠同步弹射微型爆源装置。装置利用二级高压气体驱动弹珠同步击碎玻璃球壳，释放球内高压气体，以模拟真实爆炸气体生成物的推出。整套爆源装置的发射参数：高压气室充气压力4 MPa，玻璃球壳内残余稳态气体压力约为3 kPa，能够用于0~20 kt当量地下爆炸成坑效应的真空室模拟。爆源适用性试验验证表明，该爆源装置的爆破机制和爆破效果满足大当量地下抛掷爆炸真空室模拟试验的功能需求，且具有较高的安全性、可控性和可操作性，为开展相关模拟试验提供了新的技术方法。Abstract: Aiming at the problem that the initiation mode of the explosion device is highly dependent on the gunpowder products in the simulation experiments of large-scale underground explosions in a vacuum chamber, and based on the similarity theory of underground explosions and the principle of the two-stage gas gun, a micro explosion device initiated by a synchronous launcher of marbles driven by two-stage high-pressure gas was developed independently. A glass enclosure with compressed gas (filled by air compressor) was used to simulate the high-pressure cavity generated at the beginning of a real underground explosion. Two-stage high-pressure gas was used to drive marbles to break the glass shell synchronously, thus releasing the high-pressure gas in the spherical shell to simulate the ejection of gas products in a real underground explosion. The pressure in the launcher chamber is 4 MPa, and the residual steady-state gas pressure in the glass enclosure is about 3 kPa. The above set of the launch parameters can be used for simulation experiments of real underground explosions with an equivalent of 0−20 kt TNT. Through high-speed imaging of the air and water blasting sphericity tests, the reliability of the explosion device and the sphericity of the blasting effect were verified. When there is a difference in the internal and external pressure of the glass spherical shell, the cracks of the shell are fully developed and the fragments are evenly distributed. The applicability test shows that the blasting mechanism and blasting effect of the explosion device can meet the requirements of the simulation experiment of large-scale underground explosions in the vacuum chamber, and the device has the characteristics of high efficiency, low pollution, convenient operation, good repeatability, good controllability and low requirements for site conditions, which can provide a novel technology for the simulation experiments of large-scale underground explosions in the vacuum chamber.
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图 3 二级高压驱动阵列弹珠同步弹射装置设计原理
Figure 3. Principle of marble synchronous launcher driven by two-stage high-pressure gas
图 8 空气中玻璃球壳（内外无压差）爆破高速分幅摄影图像（试验S1）
Figure 8. High-speed split photos of a glass shell (without pressure difference inside and outside) blasting in air (test S1)
图 9 空气中玻璃球壳（内外压差80 kPa）爆破高速分幅摄影图像（试验S2）
Figure 9. High-speed split photos of a glass shell (with an internal and external pressure difference of 80 kPa) blasting in air (test S2)
图 10 玻璃球壳水中爆炸高速分幅镜头（试验S3）
Figure 10. High-speed split photos of a glass shell blasting in water (test S3)
图 11 水中玻璃球壳爆炸与水面相互作用
Figure 11. Interaction of the glass shell in water with the water surface
表 1 地下爆炸空腔气体势能计算表达式[10]
Table 1. Formulas for the potential energy of the cavity gas in underground explosions[10]
岩石特性 空腔气体势能 不含气体岩石 $ A = {{0.49q}/ {\bar r_{\text{n}}^{0.84}}} $ 仅含自由水的硅酸盐类岩石
（适用于花岗岩、凝灰岩、冲积层等岩石）$A = \dfrac{{0.49q}}{{\bar r_{\text{n}}^{0.84}}}\left( {1 + 5.8\eta _{\text{w}}^{0.7}} \right)$ 仅含碳酸气的碳酸盐类岩石
（适用于硬石膏、方解石、石灰岩等岩石）$A = \dfrac{{0.49q}}{{\bar r_{\text{n}}^{0.84}}}\left( {1 + 1.96\eta _{{\text{c}}{{\text{o}}_{\text{2}}}}^{0.7}} \right)$ 混合含气岩石 $A = \dfrac{{0.49q}}{{\bar r_{\text{n}}^{0.84}}}\left( {1 + 5.8\eta _{{\varepsilon }}^{0.7}} \right)$ 
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表 2 弹珠弹射装置适用性测试试验部分结果
Table 2. Partial test results of the applicability of the marble launcher
试验序号 高压气室压力/MPa 玻璃球壳直径/cm 玻璃球壳稳态压力/kPa 试验情况 1-1 1 10 0.7 活塞未发射 1-2 1.1 2-1 2 10 3.4 活塞正常发射，膜片破裂，活塞与炮管锥段齐平，入锥不充分 2-2 3.6 2-3 1.8 4-1 4 10 2.9 活塞正常发射，膜片破裂，入锥充分，玻璃球壳稳态压力波动较小 4-2 3.0 4-3 2.7 5-1 5 10 3.6 活塞正常发射，膜片破裂，入锥充分，玻璃球壳稳态压力偏高。 5-2 7.7 5-3 6.9
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表 3 不同规模大当量地下爆炸真空室模拟试验主要参数
Table 3. Key parameters for the vacuum chamber simulation tests of large-scale underground explosions
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表 4 爆源球形度试验
Table 4. Sphericity test for the explosion device
试验 介质 球壳中绝对气压/kPa 玻璃球壳埋深/cm 拍摄频率/kHz 高压气室压力/MPa S1 空气 100 − 5 4 S2 空气 180 − 5 4 S3 水 180 25 3 4
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