Research progress on hydrogen gas explosion suppression materials and their suppression mechanisms
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摘要: 氢气在全球清洁能源转型中扮演着关键角色,但其可燃性和高爆炸危害性也使得氢气安全成为研究热点。聚焦氢气抑爆领域的最新研究成果,对不同种类抑爆材料及抑爆机理进行了综合评述。首先,介绍了气体、液体、固体以及多相复合抑爆材料的研究进展,对比分析了抑爆效果、关键参数及其变化规律。其次,探讨了抑爆材料影响氢气爆炸的物理、化学以及物理化学综合的作用过程,以揭示各类材料的抑爆机理。最后,展望了氢气抑爆材料的未来发展趋势,强调对高效能抑爆材料探索和机理研究的深化以及在实际应用中所面临的诸多挑战。Abstract: Hydrogen is crucial in the global shift towards clean energy and is gaining significance in the energy industry, while its high flammability and explosive hazard make its safety a research hotspot. It is crucial to thoroughly investigate and assess the safety of hydrogen as it progresses toward commercialization in the energy sector. This article reviews the latest advancements in hydrogen explosion suppression conducted by researchers around the world, aiming at offering a scientific foundation and technical approach to efficiently manage and reduce the damaging impacts of hydrogen explosion incidents. The article focuses on the study of hydrogen explosion suppression materials and their suppression mechanisms, so as to provide scientific understanding and technical support for the safe application of hydrogen. Firstly, it systematically introduces the research progress in hydrogen explosion suppression by discussing four significant categories, i.e., gas, liquid, solid, and multiphase composite explosion suppression materials. By comparing and analyzing the effects, key performance parameters, and the variation rules of these materials, the current research status and effectiveness of various explosion suppression materials are sorted out, helping to deepen the understanding of the explosion suppression effects of these materials. Secondly, focusing on the suppression mechanism, the research delves into the vital role of explosion suppression materials in suppressing hydrogen explosions. Starting from three dimensions, i.e., physical suppression, chemical suppression, and physicochemical comprehensive suppression, it elucidates the mechanisms of action of explosion suppression materials in the suppression process, contributing to a deeper understanding of the role of explosion suppression materials in suppressing or mitigating hydrogen explosions. Finally, the article looks forward to the future development directions of hydrogen explosion suppression materials, especially emphasizing the importance of further studies on the high-efficiency explosion suppression materials and the challenges faced in practical applications. This review is aimed to provide scientific reference and inspiration for the research, development, and application of new hydrogen explosion suppression materials.
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表 1 近年氢气泄漏爆炸事故
Table 1. Recent hydrogen gas leak explosion incidents
事故时间 事故地点 事故原因 事故后果 2018年3月12日 中国江西省九江市一石化企业 柴油加氢装置原料缓冲罐超压爆炸着火 2人死亡,1人受伤
直接经济损失约338万元2019年5月23日 韩国江原道江陵市 在水电解氢气试验的过程中,因操作失误而导致爆炸 2人死亡,6人受伤 2019年6月1日 美国加州圣塔克拉拉一化工厂 储氢罐发生泄漏爆炸 无人伤亡,经济损失数万美元,
当地氢燃料供应被迫中断2019年6月 挪威桑维卡一合营加氢站 高压储氢罐一特殊插头装配错误 2人受伤
经济损失约2亿欧元2019年12月 威斯康星州沃基工厂 储氢区发生爆炸起火 1人受伤 2020年1月14日 中国珠海长炼石化设备有限公司 重整加氢装置预加单元发生闪爆 无人伤亡
直接经济损失198万元2020年4月 美国北卡州朗维尤一氢燃料工厂 加氢站爆炸 无人伤亡,损失数百美元 2021年8月4日 中国辽宁沈阳经济开发区
一企业院加氢站内卸车柱上软管破裂导致氢气罐爆燃 无人伤亡
直接经济损失1475万元2021年9月11日 湖南省永兴镇马田镇 个人私自利用液化石油气钢瓶制氢,
导致其制氢罐发生爆炸1人死亡,1人受伤
直接经济损失超93万元2022年4月24日 中国石化齐鲁石化胜利炼油厂 氢气泄漏着火 无人伤亡
直接经济损失180万元研究人员 研究对象 实验装置 抑爆剂 结论 刘原一等[21] H2/CO 2 m长不锈钢
管道N2、CO2 CO2对混合气爆燃特性的影响强于N2,主要表现在燃爆下限和压力波传播上 Yan等[22] H2/CO 球形爆炸室 N2、CO2 随着CO2和N2含量的增加,绝热火焰温度、热扩散系数和活性自由基摩尔分数不断降低,使层流燃烧速度降低。其次,CO2抑制氢气爆炸压力比N2更有效 Li等[23] H2 肥皂泡装置 He、Ar、
N2、CO2影响热扩散系数、绝热火焰温度、层流燃烧速度和热膨胀率的降低排序:He>Ar>N2>CO2,且N2不存在第三体效应,第三体效应:CO2>Ar>He,因此,CO2是缓解氢气爆炸较为有效的添加物 Wei等[24] H2 定容燃烧弹 Ar、N2、CO2 不活泼气体的稀释减缓了火焰在燃烧室中的传播。抑制作用由小到大依次是Ar、N2、CO2 Wang等[25] H2 7.3 L圆筒
封闭容器Ar、N2、CO2 CO2比热高于N2和Ar,且CO2对能量损失的增加最显著,N2和Ar次之,故CO2的抑制效果优于Ar和N2 邹颖等[26] H2 20L爆炸球 N2、CO2 CO2在爆炸压力及压力增长率方面的抑制效果优于N2 Wang等[27] H2/LPG 20L爆炸球 N2、CO2 比较了爆炸压力、自由基的摩尔分数和产生速率,得出CO2抑制作用优于N2。其中N2主要起到了物理抑制作用,而CO2还发挥了化学抑制作用 Chang等[28] H2 20 L标准球形
爆炸容器中N2、CO2 N2、CO2气体稀释的抑制作用可以平衡湍流的促进作用。在某些情况下,由于CO2的分子量较大,其对爆炸行为的增强作用比N2射流更明显 Wu等[29] H2 圆柱形停滞室 N2、CO2 从火焰长度减速比的比较可知,CO2与N2的减缓效果非常接近 Zhang等[30] H2 爆炸管道 N2、CO2 比较了爆炸压力、燃烧持续时间和火焰传播等爆炸参数,验证了CO2比N2抑制效果强。此外,多层爆炸抑制对不同侧缓蚀剂的抑制效果最好 当量比 绝热火焰温度/K He Ar N2 CO2 0.6 2764.9 2764.9 2222.5 1645.6 0.8 2988.8 2988.8 2566.2 1955.6 1.0 3090.1 3090.1 2760.8 2464.1 1.4 3069.8 3069.8 2705.8 2076.7 2.0 2853.0 2853.0 2478.2 1865.4 表 4 卤代烃与活化中心化学反应参数对比[77]
Table 4. Comparison of halogenated hydrocarbons and activation center chemical reaction parameters[77]
反应过程 活化能$ {E}_{\mathrm{a}} $/(kJ∙mol−1) 反应速率常数$ K $/(cm³∙mol−1∙s−1) CHF3+OH·→CF3+H2O 19.10 2.71×10-16 CHClF2+OH·→CClF2+ H2O 12.72 4.60×10-15 CH2FCF3+OH·→CHFCF3+H2O 12.80 4.16×10-15 C2HF5+OH·→C2F5+H2O 13.80 1.90×10-15 -
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