增材制造用铝及铝硅合金粉尘的爆炸特性

赵江平; 张舒淇; 钟兴润; 于凯楠

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2024-0093

增材制造用铝及铝硅合金粉尘的爆炸特性

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0093

西安建筑科技大学资源工程学院，陕西西安 710055

详细信息

作者简介:
赵江平（1972－　），男，硕士，副教授，348916294@qq.com

通讯作者:
钟兴润（1985－　），女，博士，讲师，283808185@qq.com

中图分类号: O381; X932
计量
- 文章访问数: 7
- HTML全文浏览量: 8
- PDF下载量: 0
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-04-07
- 录用日期: 2024-12-09
- 修回日期: 2024-10-08
- 网络出版日期: 2025-01-07

Explosion characteristics of additive manufacturing aluminum and aluminum-silicon alloy powders

College of Resources and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, Shaanxi, China

摘要

摘要: 为探究常用增材制造用铝及铝硅合金粉尘的爆炸特性，采用20 L球形爆炸装置，对Al、Al-12Si和Al-20Si等3种样品进行密闭空间内的爆炸实验，测试其在不同影响因素下爆炸参数的变化，采用热重分析-差示扫描量热法分析样品的热氧化特性。结果表明：随着合金中硅含量的增加，爆炸下限升高，最大爆炸压力及爆炸峰值温度下降，氧化过程的放热量减少，氧化速率减慢；Al、Al-12Si和Al-20Si达到最大爆炸压力的质量浓度分别为300、750和900 g/m³；当点火能量增加时，铝硅合金的最大爆炸压力上升速率的增幅低于铝粉；环境温度变化对样品爆炸下限的影响小于粒径变化带来的影响。根据爆炸产物的X射线衍射测试分析铝硅合金的爆炸机理，发现爆炸是由颗粒受热汽化形成的气态铝和气态硅组成的可燃气体与氧气混合燃烧所致。
- 铝合金粉尘 /
- 粉尘爆炸 /
- 爆炸温度 /
- 爆炸下限 /
- 环境温度 /
- 最大爆炸压力
Abstract: Explosion experiments utilizing a 20 L spherical explosion apparatus were conducted to investigate the explosion characteristics of aluminum and aluminum-silicon alloy powders, prevalent in additive manufacturing. The tested samples included Al, Al-12Si, and Al-20Si. Various parameters were measured under different influencing factors, including the lower explosion limit, maximum explosion pressure, maximum pressure rise rate, explosion temperature, and time to reach peak temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry was employed to analyze the thermal oxidation properties of the samples. The results indicated that an increase in the silicon content within the alloy corresponded with a lower explosion limit. Conversely, the maximum explosion pressure and peak temperature showed a downward trend. Meanwhile. a reduction in the maximum pressure rise rate was observed. The exothermic amount of the oxidation process reduced, and the oxidation rate slowed down. The concentrations at which the three samples reached the maximum explosion pressure and peak temperature were 300 g/m³ for Al, 750 g/m³ for Al-12Si, and 900 g/m³ for Al-20Si, respectively. When the ignition energy increased, the rate of increase in maximum explosion pressure for the aluminum-silicon alloys was lower than that for aluminum powder. The effect of environmental temperature changes on the lower explosive limit was less significant compared to that of particle size variations. As the environmental temperature increased, the explosion pressure did not show a significant change, while the pressure rise rate increased slightly. X-ray diffraction analysis of the explosion products revealed that, in addition to Al₂O₃ and Al, the explosion products of the aluminum-silicon alloys also contained SiO₂ and Si. This indicates that the Si element in the alloy participated in the explosion reaction. It confirms that the explosion of aluminum-silicon alloy powder is caused by the heating and vaporization of the particles, leading to the formation of a combustible gas composed of gaseous aluminum and silicon, which then combusts with oxygen.
- aluminum alloy dust /
- dust explosion /
- explosion flame temperature /
- lower explosive limit /
- ambient temperature /
- maximum explosion pressure

HTML全文

图 1 样品的SEM电镜图片及粒径分布

Figure 1. SEM electron micrographs of samples and particle size distribution

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 20 L球形爆炸实验装置

Figure 2. 20 L spherical experimental apparatus

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 粒径对爆炸下限的影响

Figure 3. Effect of particle size on the lower explosive limit

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 环境温度对爆炸下限的影响

Figure 4. Effect of ambient temperature on the lower explosive limit

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 最大爆炸压力随粉尘浓度的变化

Figure 5. Maximum explosion pressure versus dust concentration

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 最大爆炸压力上升速率随粉尘浓度的变化

Figure 6. Maximum explosion pressure rise rate versus dust concentration

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 3种样品的爆炸压力曲线

Figure 7. Explosive pressure curves for three samples

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 最大爆炸压力随点火能量的变化

Figure 8. Maximum explosion pressure versus spark energy

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 最大爆炸压力上升速率随点火能量的变化

Figure 9. Maximum explosion pressure rise rate versus spark energy

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 环境温度对最大爆炸压力的影响

Figure 10. Effect of ambient temperature on the maximum explosion pressure

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 环境温度对最大压力上升速率的影响

Figure 11. Effect of ambient temperature on the maximum explosion pressure rise rate

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 质量浓度对爆炸峰值温度及到达峰值温度时间的影响

Figure 12. Effect of mass concentration on the peak explosion flame temperature and time to reach the peak flame temperature

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 3种样品的TG-DTG-DSC曲线

Figure 13. TG-DTG-DSC curves of three samples

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 爆炸产物的XRD分析

Figure 14. XRD analysis of explosion products

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 15 铝硅合金粉尘的爆炸反应过程

Figure 15. Explosive reaction process of aluminum-silicon alloy dust

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(33)

[1]	ALAMI A H, OLABI A G, ALASHKAR A, et al. Additive manufacturing in the aerospace and automotive industries: recent trends and role in achieving sustainable development goals [J]. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2023, 14(11): 102516. DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2023.102516.
[2]	马如龙, 彭超群, 王日初, 等. 选区激光熔化铝合金的研究进展 [J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2020, 30(12): 2773–2788. DOI: 10.11817/j.ysxb.1004.0609.2020-37780. MA R L, PENG C Q, WANG R C, et al. Progress in selective laser melted aluminum alloy [J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2020, 30(12): 2773–2788. DOI: 10.11817/j.ysxb.1004.0609.2020-37780.
[3]	ABOULKHAIR N T, SIMONELLI M, PARRY L, et al. 3D printing of Aluminium alloys: additive Manufacturing of Aluminium alloys using selective laser melting [J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2019, 106: 100578. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100578.
[4]	CASTELLANOS D, CARRETO-VAZQUEZ V H, MASHUGA C V, et al. The effect of particle size polydispersity on the explosibility characteristics of aluminum dust [J]. Powder Technology, 2014, 254: 331–337. DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.11.028.
[5]	张阳军, 陈英. 金属材料增材制造技术的应用研究进展 [J]. 粉末冶金工业, 2018, 28(1): 63–67. DOI: 10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1006-6543.20170027. ZHANG Y J, CHEN Y. Research on the application of metal additive manufacturing technology [J]. Powder Metallurgy Industry, 2018, 28(1): 63–67. DOI: 10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1006-6543.20170027.
[6]	JIANG H P, BI M S, LI B, et al. Inhibition evaluation of ABC powder in aluminum dust explosion [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 361: 273–282. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.045.
[7]	LIN S, LIU Z T, QIAN J F, et al. Comparison on the explosivity of coal dust and of its explosion solid residues to assess the severity of re-explosion [J]. Fuel, 2019, 251: 438–446. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.080.
[8]	陈晓坤, 张自军, 王秋红, 等. 20L近球形容器中微米级铝粉的爆炸特性 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2018, 38(5): 1130–1136. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2017-0101. CHEN X K, ZHANG Z J, WANG Q H, et al. Explosion characteristics of micro-sized aluminum dust in 20 L spherical vessel [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2018, 38(5): 1130–1136. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2017-0101.
[9]	REN X F, ZHANG J S. Correlation between particle size distribution and explosion intensity of aluminum powder [J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2022, 80: 104896. DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104896.
[10]	KIM W, SAEKI R, UENO Y, et al. Effect of particle size on the minimum ignition energy of aluminum powders [J]. Powder Technology, 2023, 415: 118190. DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118190.
[11]	文虎, 杨玉峰, 王秋红, 等. 矩形管道中微米级铝粉爆炸实验 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2018, 38(5): 993–998. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2016-0003. WEN H, YANG Y F, WANG Q H, et al. Experimental study on micron-sized aluminum dust explosion in a rectangular pipe [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2018, 38(5): 993–998. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2016-0003.
[12]	ZHANG S L, BI M S, YANG M R, et al. Flame propagation characteristics and explosion behaviors of aluminum dust explosions in a horizontal pipeline [J]. Powder Technology, 2020, 359: 172–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.10.009.
[13]	CHANG P J, MOGI T, DOBASHI R. An investigation on the dust explosion of micron and nano scale aluminium particles [J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2021, 70: 104437. DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104437.
[14]	吴建星, 龚友成, 金湘. 环境温度对粉尘爆炸参数的影响 [J]. 工业安全与环保, 2007, 33(11): 32–33. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-425X.2007.11.014. WU J X, GONG Y C, JIN X. Influences of the environment temperature on dust explosion parameters [J]. Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection, 2007, 33(11): 32–33. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-425X.2007.11.014.
[15]	FENG Y C, XIA Z X, HUANG L Y, et al. Effect of ambient temperature on the ignition and combustion process of single aluminium particles [J]. Energy, 2018, 162: 618–629. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.066.
[16]	王秋红, 闵锐, 孙艺林, 等. 抛光工艺中镁铝合金粉燃爆参数分析 [J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 51(5): 1211–1220. DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2020.05.005. WANG Q H, MIN R, SUN Y L, et al. Analysis of magnesium-aluminum alloy powder burning explosion parameters in the polishing process [J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2020, 51(5): 1211–1220. DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2020.05.005.
[17]	LUO J W, WANG Q H, CHUNG Y H, et al. Hazard evaluation, explosion risk, and thermal behaviour of magnesium-aluminium alloys during the polishing process by using a 20-L apparatus, MIEA, and TGA [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2021, 153: 268–277. DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.07.014.
[18]	马万太, 蒋云泽, 史志翔, 等. 高硅铝合金粉尘云燃爆特性研究 [J]. 工业安全与环保, 2023, 49(3): 76–80. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-425X.2023.03.018. MA W T, JIANG Y Z, SHI Z X, et al. Study on the dust clouds ignition and explosion characteristics of aluminum alloy with higher silicon contents [J]. Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection, 2023, 49(3): 76–80. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-425X.2023.03.018.
[19]	VAZ N G, SHANCITA I, PANTOYA M L. Thermal oxidation analysis of aerosol synthesized fuel particles composed of Al versus Al-Si [J]. Powder Technology, 2021, 382: 532–540. DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.01.018.
[20]	MILLOGO M, BERNARD S, GILLARD P. Combustion characteristics of pure aluminum and aluminum alloys powders [J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2020, 68: 104270. DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104270.
[21]	BERNARD S, GILLARD P, FRASCATI F. Ignition and explosibility of aluminium alloys used in additive layer manufacturing [J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2017, 49: 888–895. DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2017.04.014.
[22]	孙思衡, 孙艳, 贾存锋, 等. 增材制造用金属粉末爆炸敏感性研究 [J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2020, 38(4): 249–256. DOI: 10.19591/j.cnki.cn11-1974/tf.2020010009. SUN S H, SUN Y, JIA C F, et al. Study on the explosion sensitivity of metal powders used in additive manufacturing [J]. Powder Metallurgy Technology, 2020, 38(4): 249–256. DOI: 10.19591/j.cnki.cn11-1974/tf.2020010009.
[23]	CASTELLANOS D, BAGARIA P, MASHUGA V C. Effect of particle size polydispersity on dust cloud minimum ignition energy [J]. Powder Technology, 2020, 367: 782–787. DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.04.037.
[24]	ASTM International. ASTM E1515-14 Standard test method for minimum explosible concentration of combustible dusts[S]. West Conshohocken: ASTM International, 2014: 1–6. DOI: 10.1520/E1515-14.
[25]	赵江平, 王振成. 热爆炸理论在粉尘爆炸机理研究中的应用 [J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2004, 14(5): 80–83. DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2004.05.020. ZHAO J P, WANG Z C. Application of heat explosion theory to dust explosion mechanism research [J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2004, 14(5): 80–83. DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2004.05.020.
[26]	KUAI N S, HUANG W X, DU B, et al. Experiment-based investigations on the effect of ignition energy on dust explosion behaviors [J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2013, 26(4): 869–877. DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2013.03.005.
[27]	KIM T S, LEE B T, LEE C R, et al. Microstructure of rapidly solidified Al–20Si alloy powders [J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2001, 304/305/306: 617–620. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01546-X.
[28]	ZHOU Z Q, CHAI L J, ZHANG Y L, et al. Experimental study on oxidation and shell-breaking characteristics of individual aluminum particles at high temperature [J]. Powder Technology, 2024, 431: 119087. DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2023.119087.
[29]	DEAL B E, GROVE A S. General relationship for the thermal oxidation of silicon [J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1965, 36(12): 3770–3778. DOI: 10.1063/1.1713945.
[30]	曹卫国. 褐煤粉尘爆炸特性实验及机理研究 [D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2016. DOI: 10.7666/d.Y3192770. CAO W G. Experimental and mechanism study on explosion characteristic of lignite coal dust [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2016. DOI: 10.7666/d.Y3192770.
[31]	BALLANTYNE A, MOSS J B. Fine wire thermocouple measurements of fluctuating temperature [J]. Combustion Science and Technology, 1977, 17(1/2): 63–72. DOI: 10.1080/00102209708946813.
[32]	MA X S, MENG X B, LI Z Y, et al. Study of the influence of melamine polyphosphate and aluminum hydroxide on the flame propagation and explosion overpressure of aluminum magnesium alloy dust [J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2020, 68: 104291. DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104291.
[33]	ZHANG T J, ZHANG Z L, ZHU C C, et al. Inhibition effects of aluminum dust explosions by various kinds of ammonium polyphosphate [J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2023, 83: 105083. DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2023.105083.