含煤基固废漂珠低爆速乳化炸药的爆炸特性和热安全性

韦箫; 程扬帆; 朱容康; 孙仁浩; 汪泉

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2024-0117

含煤基固废漂珠低爆速乳化炸药的爆炸特性和热安全性

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0117

韦箫^1,,
程扬帆^1, ,,
朱容康¹,
孙仁浩^{1, 2},
汪泉¹

1.
安徽理工大学化工与爆破学院，安徽淮南 232001
2.
安徽理工大学安全科学与工程学院，安徽淮南 232001

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（12272001）；安徽省高校自然科学基金杰青项目（2023AH020026）

详细信息

作者简介:
韦　箫（1999－　），男，硕士研究生，1823739862@qq.com

通讯作者:
程扬帆（1987－　），男，博士，教授，博士生导师，cyf518@mail.ustc.edu.cn

中图分类号: O389
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-04-28
- 修回日期: 2023-08-14
- 网络出版日期: 2024-08-16

Explosion characteristics and thermal safety of low detonation velocity emulsion explosives containing coal-based solid waste fly ash microspheres

WEI Xiao^1
,,
CHENG Yangfan^{1
, ,},
ZHU Rongkang¹,
SUN Renhao^{1, 2},
WANG Quan¹

1.
College of Chemical and blasting, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China
2.
College of Safety Science and engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China

摘要

摘要: 选用粉煤灰中的漂珠作为敏化剂和惰性添加剂来制备低爆速乳化炸药，研究了漂珠粒径和含量对乳化炸药爆炸特性和安全性的影响；采用探针法、铅柱压缩法和空中爆炸测试法分别测得添加不同粒径含量漂珠乳化炸药的爆速、猛度和空中爆炸冲击波参数，并通过储存期实验和热分析实验对乳化炸药进行安全性测试。结果表明，乳化炸药的爆速、猛度、冲击波峰值压力、正冲量和正压作用时间均随漂珠含量的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势。当漂珠质量分数为15%时，乳化炸药的爆轰性能最佳；当漂珠质量分数为45%时，炸药的爆速显著降低，爆速范围在2191～2312 m/s，可满足爆炸焊接用炸药的使用条件。此外，漂珠含量相同时，添加D₅₀=79 μm漂珠的乳化炸药爆轰性能要高于添加D₅₀=116 μm和D₅₀=47 μm漂珠的乳化炸药。储存期和热分析实验结果表明，添加漂珠的低爆速乳化炸药储存期显著优于传统添加黏土颗粒的低爆速乳化炸药，漂珠的加入并未引发乳化基质产生新的热分解反应，添加15%漂珠的乳化炸药的热分解活化能比乳化基质只增加了0.3%，说明漂珠的加入并未对乳化基质热稳定性产生明显影响。
- 乳化炸药 /
- 煤基固废 /
- 漂珠 /
- 爆炸焊接 /
- 低爆速炸药
Abstract: In this paper, the microspheres in flying-ash are used as sensitizer and inert additive to prepare the low detonation velocity emulsion explosives. The detonation velocity and the parameters of explosive shock wave in the air of emulsion explosives were measured by the probe method, the lead column compression method and the air explosion method, respectively. The safety of emulsion explosives was tested by the storage life experiment and thermal analysis experiment. The experimental results show that the detonation velocity, the brisance, the peak pressure, the positive impulse and the positive pressure action time of shock wave of emulsion explosives increased first and then decreased with the increase of the content of flying-ash microspheres. When the content of flying-ash microspheres was 15%, the detonation performance of emulsion explosive was the best, and when the content of flying-ash microspheres was 45% , the detonation velocity of the explosive decreased obviously. Meanwhile, the detonation velocity ranged from 2191 to 2312 m/s, which can satisfy the condition of using explosive for explosive welding. In addition, it is found that the detonation performance of emulsion explosives with D₅₀=79 μm flying-ash microspheres was higher than those of flying-ash microspheres with D₅₀=116 and 47 μm. The storage life and thermal analysis results indicate that the storage life of low detonation velocity emulsion explosives with flying-ash microspheres is significantly better than that of traditional low detonation velocity emulsion explosive with clay particles, the activation energy of thermal decomposition of the emulsion explosive with 15% flying-ash microspheres was only 0.3% higher than that of emulsion matrix. The results also show that the addition of flying-ash microspheres has no obvious effect on the thermal stability of the emulsion matrix. The research results have important reference value for green resource disposal of coal-based solid waste and formulation design of the low detonation velocity emulsion explosive.
- emulsion explosives /
- coal-based solid waste /
- fly ash microspheres /
- explosive welding /
- low detonation velocity explosives

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图 1 漂珠宏观图

Figure 1. Macro picture of fly ash microspheres

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图 2 漂珠XRD图谱

Figure 2. XRD pattern of the fly ash microspheres

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图 3 漂珠扫描电镜图

Figure 3. SEM of the fly ash microspheres

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图 4 爆速测量装置和装药

Figure 4. Detonation velocity measuring device and the charge

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图 5 猛度测量装置和装药图

Figure 5. Brisance measuring device and the charge diagram

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图 6 球形乳化炸药药包

Figure 6. A spherical emulsion explosive charge

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图 7 空中爆炸实验装置示意图

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of air explosion experimental device

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图 8 乳化基质和不同漂珠含量（D₅₀=79 μm）乳化炸药微观形貌

Figure 8. Micrograph of emulsion matrix and explosives with different content of fly ash microspheres (D₅₀=79 μm)

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图 9 漂珠含量及粒径对于炸药爆速（左）和猛度（右）的影响

Figure 9. Influence of mass fraction and particle size of the fly ash microspheres on the detonation velocity (left) and brisance (right) of the explsive

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图 10 添加不同含量漂珠（D₅₀=79 μm）乳化炸药的压力-时间曲线

Figure 10. Pressure-time curves of emulsion explosive with different content of fly ash microspheres (D₅₀=79 μm)

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图 11 不同粒径漂珠含量对乳化炸药空中冲击波峰值压力的影响

Figure 11. Effect of the fly ash microspheres content of different particle size on peak pressure of air shock wave of emulsion explosive

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图 12 不同含量漂珠乳化炸药爆轰示意图

Figure 12. Detonation schematic diagram of emulsion explosive with different content fly ash microspheres

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图 13 5 ℃/min升温速率下乳化基质和乳化炸药的TG曲线

Figure 13. TG curve of emulsion matrix and emulsion explosive at 5 ℃/min⁻¹ heating rate

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图 14 四组不同升温速率下的热重曲线

Figure 14. Thermal gravity curves of emulsion explosives at four different heating rates

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表 1 乳化基质组分

Table 1. Composition of emulsion matrix

组分	NH₄NO₃	NaNO₃	C₁₈H₃₈	C₁₂H₂₆	C₁₄H₄₄O₆	H₂O
质量分数/%	75	10	4	1	2	8

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表 2 漂珠元素组成

Table 2. Element composition of the fly ash microspheres

元素	O	Na	Mg	Al	Si	K	Ca	Fe
质量分数/%	34.762	0.019	11.296	35.115	15.034	1.263	0.124	2.387

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表 3 乳化炸药配方

Table 3. Emulsion explosive formulation

样本	质量分数/%		D₅₀/μm	样本	质量分数/%		D₅₀/μm	样本	质量分数/%		D₅₀/μm
样本	乳化基质	漂珠	D₅₀/μm	样本	乳化基质	漂珠	D₅₀/μm	样本	乳化基质	漂珠	D₅₀/μm
1	95	5	47	6	95	5	79	11	95	5	116
2	85	15		7	85	15		12	85	15
3	75	25		8	75	25		13	75	25
4	65	35		9	65	35		14	65	35
5	55	45		10	55	45		15	55	45

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表 4 漂珠对乳化炸药密度影响

Table 4. Effect of the fly ash microspheres on density of emulsion explosive

质量分数/%	密度/(g·cm⁻³)
质量分数/%	D₅₀=47 μm	D₅₀=79 μm	D₅₀=116 μm
5	1.34	1.33	1.31
15	1.29	1.27	1.25
25	1.25	1.22	1.16
35	1.14	1.11	1.07
45	0.99	0.97	0.91

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表 5 添加不同含量漂珠（$D_{50}=47,79 $和$116\;{\text{μm}} $）乳化炸药的爆速和猛度

Table 5. Detonation velocities and intensities of emulsion explosives with different content of fly ash microspheres ($D_{50}=47,79 $ and $116\;{\text{μm}} $)

质量分数(%)	爆速/(m·s⁻¹)			猛度/mm
质量分数(%)	D₅₀=47 μm	D₅₀=79 μm	D₅₀=116 μm	D₅₀=47 μm	D₅₀=79 μm	D₅₀=116 μm
5	2703	2836	2492	14.3	14.4	14.0
15	4394	4488	4314	15.8	16.1	15.5
25	3707	3826	3650	11.7	11.9	11.5
35	3138	3262	2999	7.6	8.0	7.2
45	2237	2312	2191	4.0	4.3	3.5

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表 6 添加不同含量漂珠（$D_{50}=79\;{\text{μm}} $）乳化炸药的冲击波参数

Table 6. Shock wave parameters of emulsion explosives with different contents of the fly microspheres

质量分数%	ΔP_max/kPa	t₊/μs	I₊/(Pa·s)
5	71.16	475.0	14.52
15	102.03	498.1	19.07
25	92.17	487.3	17.68
35	66.67	464.7	13.39
45	42.59	426.3	8.75

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表 7 不同储存时间下的乳化炸药（$D_{50} =79 $ μm）爆炸冲击波峰值压力

Table 7. Peak pressure of explosion shock wave of emulsion explosives at different storage time ($D_{50} =79$ μm)

质量分数/%	冲击波峰值压力/kPa			下降比例/%
质量分数/%	0天后	7天后	30天后	7天后	30天后
5	71.16	68.77	65.31	3.36	8.22
15	102.03	99.36	94.03	2.62	7.84
25	92.17	90.72	86.56	1.57	6.09
35	66.67	62.28	55.49	6.58	16.77
45	42.59	40.35	33.70	5.26	20.87

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表 8 不同加热速率下样品分解50%的相应温度

Table 8. The corresponding temperature of sample decomposition of 50% at different heating rates

升温速率/ (K·min⁻¹)	温度/K
升温速率/ (K·min⁻¹)	乳化基质	含15% 漂珠
5	513.98	512.40
10	526.65	525.78
15	535.65	532.65
20	542.15	541.49

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