动静载荷作用下增材制造Ti-6Al-4V合金的力学性能研究进展

肖先锋; 徐建龙; 吴祖锡; 叶小军; 付艳恕

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2024-0225

动静载荷作用下增材制造Ti-6Al-4V合金的力学性能研究进展

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0225

肖先锋^1,,
徐建龙¹,
吴祖锡¹,
叶小军^{1, 2},
付艳恕^1, ,

1.
南昌大学先进制造学院，江西南昌 330031
2.
南昌工学院信息与人工智能学院，江西南昌 330108

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（12162024，12062013）；江西省自然科学基金（20224BAB201019）

详细信息

作者简介:
肖先锋（1990－　），男，博士，讲师，xxf@ncu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
付艳恕（1982—　），男，博士，教授，yshfu@ncu.edu.cn

中图分类号: O347
计量
- 文章访问数: 253
- HTML全文浏览量: 7
- PDF下载量: 35
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-07-09
- 修回日期: 2025-01-02
- 网络出版日期: 2025-01-03

Research progress on mechanical properties of additive manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V alloy under static and dynamic loading

XIAO Xianfeng^1
,,
XU Jianlong¹,
WU Zuxi¹,
YE Xiaojun^{1, 2},
FU Yanshu^{1
, ,}

1.
School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
2.
School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330108, Jiangxi, China

摘要

摘要: 增材制造凭借其高设计自由度和快速成形的特点，在制造复杂几何结构的航空航天和国防领域关键部件上具有巨大的优势。Ti-6Al-4V钛合金具有低密度、高比强度及抗蠕变性的特性，在经常承受冲击载荷的航天器、武器装备等关键部位上得到了广泛应用，深入了解增材制造Ti-6Al-4V钛合金在动静载荷作用下的力学性能及影响机制是提高构件使役性能的重要基础。为此，对增材制造Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的力学响应最新研究进展进行了系统的梳理和归纳。首先，简要概括了典型金属增材制造技术分类和工作原理。其次，梳理了增材制造Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的准静态拉伸性能和动态压缩性能，并与铸造和锻造Ti-6Al-4V构件的力学性能进行了比较。然后，对增材制造钛合金显微组织和力学行为的关联机制展开了讨论。最后，针对增材制造Ti-6Al-4V合金在静态载荷作用下的各向异性力学响应，总结了常用改善各向异性的后处理工艺。
- 增材制造 /
- Ti-6Al-4V /
- 动静载荷 /
- 力学性能 /
- 各向异性
Abstract: With its high design freedom and rapid prototyping capabilities, additive manufacturing (AM) offers significant advantages in manufacturing critical components with complex geometries for the aerospace and defense industries. Ti-6Al-4V alloy, leveraging its exceptional combination of low density, high specific strength, and creep resistance, are extensively employed in critical structures that are frequently subjected to impact loading in aerospace and defense systems. A thorough understanding of the mechanical properties and underlying mechanisms of the additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy under static and dynamic loading is crucial for enhancing the service performance of these components. This paper systematically reviews and summarizes the latest advancements in the mechanical response of AM Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys. Firstly, a brief overview of the classification and working principles of typical metal additive manufacturing (AM) technologies is provided. Subsequently, research efforts on the quasi-static tensile and dynamic compressive properties of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy are systematically reviewed, followed by a comparative analysis of its mechanical performance against cast and forged Ti-6Al-4V components. Furthermore, the mechanisms of correlation between the microstructure and mechanical behaviors of typical metal additive manufactured titanium alloys. Additionally, the commonly used post-processing techniques to mitigate the anisotropic mechanical response of AM Ti-6Al-4V alloy under static loading are summarizes.
- additive manufacturing /
- Ti-6Al-4V /
- dynamic and static loading /
- mechanical properties /
- anisotropy

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图 1 典型金属增材制造工艺工作原理^{[16, 18]}

Figure 1. Schematic diagrams of the working principle of typical metal additive manufacturing processes^{[16, 18]}

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图 2 在LDED^[28]、LPBF^[29]和EBM^[30]制备Ti6Al4V中形成的初生β晶粒形貌

Figure 2. Morphologies of primary β grains formed in Ti6Al4V manufactured by LDED^[28], LPBF^[29] and EBM^[30]

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图 3 在LDED^[31]、LPBF^[13]、EBM^[30]、锻造^[32]和铸造^[33]制备Ti6Al4V中形成的光学显微结构

Figure 3. Optical microstructures formed during the preparation of Ti6Al4V by LDED^[31], LPBF^[13], EBM^[30], forging^[32], and casting^[33]

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图 4 在LDED、LPBF和EBM制备Ti6Al4V中形成的典型缺陷^{[46, 49-51]}

Figure 4. Defects in Ti6Al4V manufactured by LDED, LPBF and EBM^{[46, 49-51]}

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图 5 不同魏氏体组织中的位错分布模式^[55]

Figure 5. Dislocation distribution patterns in different Widmanstatten structures^[55]

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图 6 增材制造钛合金的沉积方向

Figure 6. Deposition directions for additive manufactured titanium alloy

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图 7 LDED Ti-6Al-4V合金拉伸构件断口蚀刻截面形貌^[36]

Figure 7. Morphologies of fracture etched sections of LDED Ti-6Al-4V tensile specimens^[36]

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图 8 不同后处理条件下水平和垂直沉积方向的LPBF Ti-6Al-4V块状材料横截面显微组织^[82]

Figure 8. The cross-sectional microstructures of the LPBF Ti-6Al-4V bulk materials built horizontally and vertically after different heat treatment conditions^[82]

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图 9 不同工艺制造Ti-6Al-4V合金动态压缩力学响应^{[46, 107, 108-110]}

Figure 9. Dynamic compressive mechanical responses of Ti-6Al-4V alloys prepared by different manufacture processes^{[46, 107, 108-110]}

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图 10 增材制造Ti-6Al-4V合金的动态压缩力学响应

Figure 10. Dynamic compressive mechanical response of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy

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图 11 典型制造工艺成形的Ti6Al4V构件的极限应变-应变率曲线^[17,46,101]

Figure 11. Ultimate strain-strain rate curves of Ti6Al4V specimen formed by typical manufacturing process^[17,46,101]

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表 1 3类典型增材制造工艺的制造特点^[24-27]

Table 1. Manufacturing characteristics of three kinds of additive manufacturing processes^[24-27]

制造工艺	冷却速率/（℃∙s⁻¹）	优势	局限性
LDED	10⁴～10^6[24-25]	适合制造梯度构件，可用于修复部件	构件易被杂质气体污染，粉末可回收性低
LPBF	10³～10^8[26]	构件致密性好，材料利用率高	较多的显微组织缺陷，较大的残余应力
EBM	10³～10^5[27]	较低的残余应力，热处理需求低	气氛环境要求高

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表 2 由不同制造工艺成形的Ti-6Al-4V构件的准静态拉伸力学性能^{[14-15, 30, 32-33, 52-53]}

Table 2. Quasi-static tensile mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V components prepared by different manufacturing processes^{[14-15, 30, 32-33, 52-53]}

制造工艺	沉积方向	屈服强度/MPa	抗拉强度/MPa	伸长率/%	来源
LDED	水平	1050 ± 35	1153 ± 15	5.9 ± 2.5	文献[15]
	水平	973 ± 16	1073 ± 16	10 ± 0.9	文献[15]
	垂直	1045 ± 17	1140 ± 10	9.2 ± 0.8	文献[15]
	垂直	941 ± 6	1062 ± 11	11.5 ± 1.8	文献[15]
LPBF	水平	1187.80 ± 35.84	1307.50 ± 7.4	6.80 ± 1.10	文献[14]
	水平	966 ± 15	1066 ± 20	9.8 ± 3.3	文献[52]
	垂直	1036.70 ± 133.7	1309.50 ± 8.2	8.72 ± 2.77	文献[14]
	垂直	937 ± 9	1052 ± 11	9.6 ± 0.9	文献[52]
EBM	水平	769 ± 12	867 ± 11	12.0 ± 1.5	文献[30]
	水平	846 ± 7	976 ± 11	15.0 ± 2.0	文献[53]
	垂直	710 ± 1	814 ± 2.5	15 ± 0.5	文献[30]
	垂直	845 ± 9	972 ± 14	14.2 ± 1.5	文献[53]
锻造		960 ± 10	1006 ± 10	18.37 ± 0.88	文献[32]
铸造		837	900	6.8	文献[33]

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表 3 典型增材制造工艺成形的Ti-6Al-4V构件的拉伸各向异性^{[1, 82-83, 88, 92]}

Table 3. Anisotropic tensile behaviors of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V specimens^{[1, 82-83, 88, 92]}

制造工艺	后处理工艺	后处理工艺制度	r_y/%	r_t/%	R/%	来源
LDED		成形态	2.7	3.8	32.62	文献[1]
LDED	固溶热处理	980 ℃下保温1 h后炉冷	4.07	2.13	21.21	文献[1]
LPBF		成形态	17.0	18.3	18.2	文献[82]
	固溶热处理	750 ℃下保温2.5 h后炉冷	2.6	3.6	8
		850 ℃下保温2.5 h后炉冷	4.3	3.4	7.5
		920 ℃下保温2.5 h后炉冷	4.9	7.6	1.1
	β退火	1050 ℃下保温2.5 h后炉冷	1.8	0.2	2.2
		成形态	11.5	9.5	19.23	文献[88]
	β退火	1100 ℃下保温2 h后炉冷	0.8	0.5	4.7	文献[88]
		成形态	9	14.5	42.7	文献[83]
	固溶时效热处理	910 ℃下保温4 h后水淬，再于750℃下保温2 h后空淬，	11.2	4.3	30.4	文献[83]
		成形态		28.5	45.2	文献[92]
	固溶热处理	850 ℃下保温0.5 h后空冷		11.9	8.2
		900 ℃下保温0.5 h后空冷		16.2	7.2
		950 ℃下保温0.5 h后空冷		0.7	3.4
	固溶时效热处理	850 ℃下保温0.5 h后空冷，再于600℃下保温2 h后空冷		8.7	4.1
		900 ℃下保温0.5 h后空冷，再于600℃下保温2 h后空冷		21.4	5.1
		950 ℃下保温0.5 h后空冷，再于600℃下保温2 h后空冷		1.5	7.5

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表 4 典型制造工艺成形的Ti-6Al-4V构件的应变率敏感性^{[17, 46, 101, 103]}

Table 4. Strain rate sensitivity of Ti-6Al-4V components formed by typical manufacturing process^{[17, 46, 101, 103]}

制造工艺	热处理	应变率/s⁻¹	屈服强度/MPa	m	来源
LDED		1000（HD）	1247	0.12	文献[46]
LDED		5000（HD）	1479	0.12	文献[46]
LDED	920 C°保温2 h+540 C°保温4 h	1000（VD）	1054	0.05	文献[101]
LDED	920 C°保温2 h+540 C°保温4 h	3000（VD）	1130	0.05	文献[101]
LPBF		1340（HD）	1770	0.08	文献[103]
		6370（HD）	2020	0.08
		380（VD）	1720	0.05
		5540（VD）	2060	0.05
EBM		150（HD）	705 ± 17	0.24	文献[17]
		1100（HD）	1127 ± 22	0.24
		150（VD）	805 ± 13	0.21
		1100（VD）	1257 ± 25	0.21
锻造		1000	1318	0.11	文献[46]
锻造		5000	1602	0.11	文献[46]

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