爆炸冲击波致颅脑损伤数值模拟

苏恒儒; 李志洋; 杜现平; 雷建银; 刘志芳

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2024-0298

爆炸冲击波致颅脑损伤数值模拟

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0298

1.
太原理工大学航空航天学院应用力学研究所，山西太原 030024
2.
中山大学海洋工程与技术学院，广东珠海 519082

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（12372363, 12272254）

详细信息

作者简介:
苏恒儒（1998－　），男，硕士，硕士研究生，shr17367781701@163.com

通讯作者:
雷建银（1989－　），男，博士，副教授，leijianyin@tyut.edu.cn

中图分类号: O383
计量
- 文章访问数: 184
- HTML全文浏览量: 26
- PDF下载量: 57
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-08-19
- 修回日期: 2025-03-03
- 网络出版日期: 2025-03-05

Numerical simulation on traumatic brain injury by blast waves

1.
Institute of Applied Mechanics, College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
2.
School of Ocean Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China

摘要

摘要: 在军事行动、工业事故等爆炸事件中，爆炸冲击波引起的头部损伤已成为主要致伤形式之一，而爆炸载荷下头部的损伤机理及损伤阈值仍不明确，鉴于此，采用数值模拟研究了爆炸载荷下头部的动态响应过程，分析了TNT药量以及空气和水2种介质对颅脑的变形、压力和加速度的影响。首先，基于欧拉-拉格朗日耦合的方法建立了空气-头部流固耦合模型。在验证其有效性的基础上，从前额颅骨与脑组织的压力、加速度和频率等方面对头部动态响应过程进行了分析。研究发现，爆炸冲击波正面作用于头部时，前额颅骨的超压峰值达到613 kPa，脑组织的超压峰值达到508 kPa，并且颅骨会发生高频振动，振动频率可达7 kHz。前额颅骨和脑组织受到的冲击加速度呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势，同时颅内压呈周期性变化。在水下环境中，额叶、顶叶和颞叶脑组织压力出现高频的周期性超压波动，前额颅骨产生的超压峰值达到3.64 MPa，远高于重度脑损伤的阈值235 kPa。在水中，脑组织受到的压力峰值是空气中的5倍，加速度比空气中约提高了5倍，频率则提高了2倍。
- 爆炸冲击波 /
- 头部有限元模型 /
- 颅脑损伤 /
- 水下爆炸
Abstract: In military operations, industrial accidents and other explosive events, head injuries caused by blast shock waves have become one of the main injury forms of injury, but the injury mechanism and damage threshold have not been clarified yet. In this paper, numerical simulation is used to study the dynamic response process of the head under explosion load, and the effects of TNT charge, air and water media on the deformation, pressure and acceleration of the cranium and brain are analyzed. First, the air-head fluid-structure interaction model is established using Euler-Lagrangian coupling method. Based on the validation of its effectiveness, the dynamic response process of the head was analyzed in terms of pressure, acceleration and frequency of the prefrontal cranium and brain tissue. By setting the initial conditions and boundary conditions, the effects of frontal and the behind shock loadings of the blast wave on the head were simulated. It has been found that the head tissue vibrates at high frequencies, up to 7 kHz, when the blast wave strikes the head directly. The acceleration on the prefrontal cranium and brain tissue had a large value initially and become small in the late stage, while the intracranial pressure varied in a cyclical manner. In the underwater environment, there were high-frequency periodic overpressure fluctuations in the brain tissues of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, in which peak overpressure of 3.64 MPa can be generated in the prefrontal cranium, which is well above the threshold of 235 kPa for severe brain injury. In water, brain tissue is subjected to 5 times the peak pressure, a 5 fold increase in acceleration and a 2 fold increase in frequency compared to those in air. The results of this research provide a new perspective for understanding the mechanism of damage to the human brain caused by blast shock waves, and an reference for the development of future protective measures.
- blast shock waves /
- head finite element model /
- brain injury /
- underwater explosion

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图 1 头部有限元模型（THUMS 6.1）^[20]

Figure 1. The total human model for safety (THUMS 6.1)^[20]

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图 2 空气-头部的流固耦合模型

Figure 2. Air-head fluid-solid coupling model

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图 3 仿真结果与实验结果的对比

Figure 3. Comparison of simulated and experimental results

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图 4 验证THUMS模型在爆炸情况下的有效性

Figure 4. Verify the effectiveness of the explosive THUMS model in the event of an explosion

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图 5 正向冲击压力流场的演化

Figure 5. Evolution of the pressure of the flow field under the frontal shock loading

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图 6 t=1.24 ms时眼部压力流场分布

Figure 6. Distribution of the pressure of the flow field around the eyes at t=1.24 ms

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图 7 前额颅骨压力云图

Figure 7. Pressure clouds of the frontal bone

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图 8 脑组织压力云图

Figure 8. Pressure clouds of the brain tissue

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图 9 前额颅骨及脑组织的分析位置

Figure 9. Analytical positions of the prefrontal bone and brain tissue

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图 10 前额颅骨和脑组织的不同位置的压力和加速度图

Figure 10. Pressure and acceleration histories at different locations of the prefrontal bone and brain tissue

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图 11 不同TNT当量颅脑压力

Figure 11. Cranial pressures-time histories for different TNT-equivalent charge masses

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图 12 反向冲击压力流场演化

Figure 12. Evolution of the pressure flow field subjected to behind shock loading

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图 13 不同位置和不同TNT药量的爆炸冲击波对额骨和脑组织的压力

Figure 13. Pressure of blast shock waves on frontal bone and brain tissue at different locations and with different TNT equivalents

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图 14 冲击波与头部接触时刻的冲击波压力整体分布

Figure 14. Overall distribution of shock wave pressure at the moment of contact between the shock wave and the head

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图 15 前额颅骨压力云图

Figure 15. Prefrontal bone pressure cloud diagrams

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图 16 脑组织压力云图

Figure 16. Brain tissue pressure cloud diagrams

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图 17 不同介质中颅脑损伤状况

Figure 17. Pressure and acceleration histories in frontal bone and brain in different media

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表 1 颅脑器官硬组织材料参数^[20]

Table 1. Parameters of hard craniocerebral materials^[20]

器官/组织	密度/（kg·m⁻³）	弹性模量/MPa	泊松比
头皮	1200	16.7	0.42
颅骨	1710	5370	0.19
大脑镰	1130	31.5	0.45
硬脑膜	1130	31.5	0.45
小脑幕	1130	31.5	0.45
蛛网膜	1130	22.0	0.45
软脑膜	1130	11.5	0.45

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表 2 颅脑器官软组织材料参数^[20]

Table 2. Parameters of soft craniocerebral materials^[20]

器官/ 组织	密度/ （kg·m⁻³）	体模量/ GPa	短效剪切模量/kPa	长效剪切模量/kPa
灰质	1060	2.19	10.0	2.0
白质	1060	2.19	12.5	2.5
脑干	1060	2.19	22.5	4.5
小脑	1060	2.19	12.5	2.0

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表 3 弹性流体模型材料参数^[22]

Table 3. Material parameters of elastofluid model^[22]

结构	密度/（kg·m⁻³）	体积模量/MPa	截断压力/MPa
脑脊液	999.8	1960	−10.0⁻⁵

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表 4 不同TNT当量下的脑组织损伤状况

Table 4. Brain tissue damage at different TNT equivalents

TNT当量/g	脑组织损伤因子	是否发生挫裂伤
40	2.55	是
50	2.85	是
60	3.34	是

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表 5 水介质材料参数

Table 5. Material parameters of the water

材料	密度/(kg·m⁻³)	压力截断值/Pa	粘度系数
水	1000.00	−10.00	0.87E⁻³

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表 6 水介质状态方程参数

Table 6. EOS parameters of water

c/(m·s⁻¹)	S₁	S₂	S₃	γ₀	a
1480	2.56	1.99	1.23	0.50	0.47

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表 7 空气和水中爆炸冲击波的差异性^[31]

Table 7. Differences between shock characteristics of explosion in air and water^[31]

爆炸类型	介质特性	能量传播	冲击波特性
空气爆炸	密度较低，传播较快	能量衰减较快	冲击波随着传播距离的增大迅速衰减，主要表现为压力波
水中爆炸	密度较高，传播更快	能量衰减较慢，破坏力更强	冲击波更锐利，能在较长距离内保持高强度，导致更严重的破坏

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