低温循环老化航空锂离子电池热失控的爆炸危险性

杨娟; 魏陟珣; 牛江昊; 闫晓亮; 张青松

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2024-0352

低温循环老化航空锂离子电池热失控的爆炸危险性

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0352

杨娟^{1, 2,},
魏陟珣³,
牛江昊^3, ,,
闫晓亮³,
张青松^{2, 3, ,}

1.
中国民航大学天津市城市空中交通系统技术与装备重点实验室，天津 300300
2.
中国民航大学工程技术训练中心，天津 300300
3.
中国民航大学安全科学与工程学院，天津 300300

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（U2033204）；深圳市创新创业计划科技重大专项（xxxx）；天津市城市空中交通系统技术与装备重点实验室开放基金（TJKL-UAM-202302）；中央高校基本科研业务费项目（3122023025）

详细信息

作者简介:
杨　娟（1983－　），女，硕士，副教授，haishi_yj11@126.com

通讯作者:
牛江昊（1998－　），男，博士研究生，449076343@qq.com

张青松（1977－　），男，博士，教授，nkzqsong@126.com

中图分类号: O389
计量
- 文章访问数: 58
- HTML全文浏览量: 6
- PDF下载量: 15
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-09-19
- 修回日期: 2024-12-04
- 网络出版日期: 2024-12-17

Explosion hazard of thermal runaway in aviation lithium-ion batteries under low-temperature cycling aging conditions

YANG Juan^{1, 2
,},
WEI Zhixun³,
NIU Jianghao^{3
, ,},
YAN Xiaoliang³,
ZHANG Qingsong^{2, 3
, ,}

1.
Key Laboratory of Technology and Equipment of Tianjin Urban Air Transportation System, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
2.
Engineering Techniques Training Center, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
3.
College of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China

摘要

摘要: 鉴于全寿命周期内循环老化后航空锂离子电池热失控反应较新电池有显著差异，且低温环境对锂离子电池系统重大失效危险性影响更加贴近低空实际飞行场景，自主搭建了锂离子电池热失控及气体爆炸测试平台，采用锂离子电池的热失控时间、表面峰值温度和热失控超压及热失控气体的爆炸极限、压力及温度为关键参数，探讨低温（−10 ℃）循环老化对锂离子电池热失控爆炸危险性的影响。实验结果显示，常温循环老化锂离子电池较新电池热失控时间明显提前和电池安全阀开启到完全热失控的时间间隔明显增长，分别为559.86和122.56 s，且热失控气体爆炸下限升高30.95%，气体爆炸压力降低至258.6 kPa；低温环境因素则会使老化锂离子电池热失控的爆炸危险性发生显著变化，导致热失控时间提前至412.38 s，安全阀打开到完全热失控的时间间隔缩短至56.66 s，并使热失控气体爆炸下限降低20.49%，爆炸压力高达319.5 kPa。
- 热失控 /
- 循环老化 /
- 航空锂离子电池 /
- 爆炸极限 /
- 低温环境
Abstract: The thermal runaway reactions of lithium-ion batteries exhibit significant deviations following full life-cycle cycling aging when compared to their fresh-state counterparts, particularly under low-temperature conditions. These conditions more closely simulate the operational scenarios encountered in low-altitude aviation, where the risk of catastrophic failure in battery systems is heightened. This study, utilizing a custom-built platform designed for testing thermal runaway and gas explosion phenomena, systematically investigates the impact of low-temperature (−10 °C) cycling aging on the associated explosion hazards. Key parameters analyzed in this research include the initiation time of thermal runaway, the peak surface temperature of the battery, the overpressure generated during thermal runaway, the lower explosion limit (LEL) of the gases produced, and the explosion pressure and temperature—each serving as crucial indicators of the system’s safety performance. Experimental results demonstrate that, under ambient temperature conditions, aged batteries exhibit a marked increase in the thermal runaway initiation time, as well as a notable extension in the interval between the activation of the safety valve and the onset of complete thermal runaway (Δt), when compared to fresh batteries. Specifically, thermal runaway occurs at 559.86 s, while Δt increases to 122.56 s. Moreover, the LEL of hazardous gases rises by 30.95%, and the resulting explosion pressure diminishes to 258.6 kPa, suggesting a reduced likelihood of catastrophic failure. However, when subjected to low-temperature cycling aging, the explosion risk profile shifts dramatically. In this case, the thermal runaway initiation time is significantly reduced to 412.38 seconds, with Δt contracting sharply to 56.66 s. Furthermore, the LEL of the gases decreases by 20.49%, while the explosion pressure surges to 319.5 kPa, indicating an elevated risk of severe explosion. The multifaceted analysis of these hazard indicators reveals a complex interplay between aging processes and environmental conditions, profoundly influencing the explosion risks and thermal runaway behavior of lithium-ion batteries. These findings emphasize the critical necessity of developing advanced battery management systems that incorporate predictive early-warning mechanisms, strategic battery layout designs, and improved containment strategies, specifically tailored to the demands of electric aviation. By incorporating the effects of both cycling aging and low-temperature environments into risk assessments, this study provides vital insights for mitigating the elevated hazards associated with thermal runaway and the explosion of emitted gases in aviation applications. Ultimately, these findings contribute to the enhancement of safety protocols and risk mitigation strategies for the reliable and secure operation of lithium-ion battery systems throughout their entire operational lifecycle.
- thermal runaway /
- cycling aged /
- aviation lithium-ion battery /
- explosion limit /
- low-temperature environment

HTML全文

图 1 锂离子电池热失控危险性测试系统

Figure 1. Test system for thermal runaway hazard of lithium-ion batteries

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图 2 25℃环境锂离子电池放电电压-容量曲线

Figure 2. Voltage-capacity curves of lithium-ion battery discharge in 25°C environment

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图 3 不同实验工况下电池舱内部气压变化曲线

Figure 3. Pressure fluctuation profiles within the lithium-ion battery enclosure under different operating conditions

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图 4 不同实验工况下热失控锂离子电池表面温度随时间的变化

Figure 4. Change of temperature with time at the surface of thermal runaway batteries under different experimental conditions

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图 5 不同实验工况下电池舱内气压随时间的变化

Figure 5. Change of gas pressure with time inside the battery compartment under different experimental conditions

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图 6 热失控气体爆炸极限随环境温度和循环圈数的变化

Figure 6. Variation of explosion limits for thermal runaway gases with environmental temperature and cycle number

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图 7 热失控气体在气体舱内的爆炸火焰

Figure 7. Explosion flame of thermal runaway gas in the gas chamber

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图 8 不同工况下热失控气体爆炸火焰的峰值温度

Figure 8. Peak temperatures of explosion flame of thermal runaway gas under different conditions

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图 9 不同工况下热失控气体爆炸峰值压力

Figure 9. Peak pressures of thermal runaway gas explosion under different conditions

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表 1 实验工况

Table 1. Experimental operating conditions

充放电环境温度/℃	充放电循环/圈
−10	1, 25, 50, 75
25	1, 25, 50, 75

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表 2 不同工况下电池发生热失控的关键时间参数

Table 2. Key temporal parameters for thermal runaway of batteries under different operating conditions

工况		t_TR/s	Δt/s	工况		t_TR/s	Δt/s
充放电环境温度/℃	充放电循环/圈	t_TR/s	Δt/s	充放电环境温度/℃	充放电循环/圈	t_TR/s	Δt/s
25	1	474.80	96.16	−10	1	523.56	107.70
	25	488.18	99.88		25	495.28	110.42
	50	520.92	101.14		50	419.90	57.32
	75	559.86	122.56		75	412.38	56.66

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表 3 不同实验工况下电池舱内气体峰值压力

Table 3. Peak gas pressure inside the battery compartment under different experimental conditions

环境温度/℃	电池舱内峰值压力/kPa
环境温度/℃	循环1圈	循环25圈	循环50圈	循环75圈
25	580.0	632.7	646.7	651.4
−10	574.3	559.5	579.3	634.4

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表 4 不同工况爆炸火焰不同位置的温度

Table 4. Temperatures at different positions of explosion flame under different conditions

工况		爆炸火焰温度/℃
充放电环境温度/℃	充放电循环/圈	中心	左侧	后部	右侧
25	1	181.2	165.1	198.8	172.9
	25	184.4	151.9	177.7	157.5
	50	186.5	158.9	184.3	151.4
	75	180.8	157.4	183.8	168.0
−10	1	188.1	154.4	179.9	155.1
	25	174.6	152.3	173.7	145.4
	50	189.7	163.4	182.2	169.1
	75	175.4	146.4	169.8	152.2

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