On penetration characteristics of three typical shaped charges into double-layer spaced targets in water
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摘要: 为了选择适合水中大距离非接触性侵彻毁伤的聚能装药结构，针对爆炸成型弹丸（explosively formed projectile, EFP）、杆式射流（jetting projectile charge, JPC）、聚能射流（shaped charge jet, SCJ）3种典型聚能装药结构，开展了不同侵彻体入水前、着靶前、穿靶后的速度测试及对水中双层间隔靶的侵彻试验。建立了靶前水介质长度在0~100 cm时的水中侵彻数值计算模型，分析了靶前水介质长度对聚能装药水中毁伤元时序特性、水中前向冲击波压力峰值、水中侵彻速度及水中双层间隔靶侵彻性能的影响。结果表明：3种聚能装药侵彻水中间隔靶时，前向冲击波均先于侵彻体到达靶板。随着水介质长度的增大，前靶板处的前向冲击波压力峰值呈线性下降，后靶板处的前向冲击波压力峰值呈非线性下降；EFP、JPC和SCJ速度呈非线性下降，其SCJ靶前速度约是JPC的2倍。在靶前水介质长度不大于25 cm时，EFP在前靶板上形成的最大穿孔直径达到了5 cm，是JPC穿孔直径的1.3倍，是SCJ穿孔直径的3倍；在靶前水介质长度不大于100 cm时，JPC和SCJ对双层间隔靶具有较好的侵彻效果，且JPC的侵彻性能要优于SCJ。Abstract: To select the shaped charge structure suitable for large-distance non-contact penetration damage in water, three typical shaped-charge structures, explosively formed projectile (EFP), jetting projectile charge (JPC), and shaped charge jet (SCJ), were selected. The velocity tests of different penetrators before entering water, before hitting the target, and after penetrating the target were carried out, and the penetration tests of double-layer spaced targets in water were conducted. Firstly, a comparative test of penetration of three types of shaped charges in the air was carried out to verify the rationality of the structure of shaped charges. The air explosion height of 35 cm was selected to meet the penetration requirements of the three shaped charges. At the same time, the velocity of the shaped charges before penetrating water was measured, which provides the basis for the underwater penetration test. Secondly, the penetration test of three types of shaped charges on an underwater double-layer spaced target was carried out when the air height was 35 cm, and the length of the water medium in front of the target was 20 cm, 45 cm, and 100 cm. The reflected pressures were measured by the wall pressure sensor and PVDF sensor. The velocities of the penetrator at the time of water entry, before the target, and after the target were measured by double-layer on-off net targets.The damage performance of three shaped charge structures on the double-layer spaced target plate was respectively obtained when the water medium in front of the target was at short range, medium range and long range.Based on the projectile-target structure used in the experiment, a two-dimensional finite element model of shaped charge penetrating a double-layer spaced target in water was established using ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software. The measured velocity values of the shaped charge penetrator before entering the water, before hitting the target, and after passing through the target were compared with the numerical simulation results to verify the accuracy of the model. The error rate is about 3 %. Based on the verified finite element model, the time series characteristics of the underwater damage element of the shaped charge, the peak characteristics of the forward shock wave in the water, the variation law of the penetration velocity in the water, and the penetration performance of the shaped charge against the double-layer spaced target in the water were studied. The results show that the forward shock wave reaches the target plate before the penetrator. As the length of the water medium increases, the peak pressure of the forward shock wave at the front target plate decreases linearly, and the peak pressure of the forward shock wave at the rear target plate decreases nonlinearly. The velocities of EFP, JPC, and SCJ decrease nonlinearly with the increase of water medium, and the velocity in front of the SCJ target is about twice that of JPC.When the length of the water medium in front of the target is not more than 25 cm, the maximum perforation diameter formed by EFP on the front target plate reaches 5 cm, which is 1.3 times the perforation diameter of JPC and 3 times the perforation diameter of SCJ. When the length of the water medium in front of the target is not more than 100 cm, JPC and SCJ have better penetration effect on the double-layer spacer target, and the penetration performance of JPC is better than that of SCJ.
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图 7 EFP在水中的反射压力曲线(H = 20 cm)
Figure 7. Reflective pressure curves of EFP in water (H = 20 cm)
图 8 JPC在水中的反射压力曲线(H = 45 cm)
Figure 8. Reflection pressure curves of JPC in water (H = 45 cm)
图 9 SCJ在水中的反射压力曲线(H = 45 cm)
Figure 9. Reflection pressure curves of SCJ in water (H = 45 cm)
图 10 SCJ聚能装药在各测点的电压信号曲线(H = 20 cm)
Figure 10. Voltage signal curves of SCJ shaped charge at each measuring point (H = 20 cm)
图 11 JPC聚能装药在各测点的电压信号曲线(H = 20 cm)
Figure 11. Voltage signal curves of JPC shaped charge at each measuring point (H = 20 cm)
图 12 SCJ聚能装药在各测点的电压信号曲线(H = 20 cm)
Figure 12. Voltage signal curves of SCJ shaped charge at each measuring point (H = 20 cm)
图 13 3种聚能装药在不同长度水介质中的穿靶效果
Figure 13. Penetration effect of three shaped charges in water media with different lengths
图 15 聚能装药速度数值模拟与实验结果对比（H = 20cm）
Figure 15. Comparison of numerical simulation and experimental results of shaped charge velocity (H = 20 cm)
图 16 EFP前向冲击波的压力云图和压力时程（H = 20 cm）
Figure 16. Pressure contours of EFP forward shock wave and pressure peak-time histories (H = 20 cm)
图 17 JPC前向冲击波的压力云图和压力时程（H = 45 cm）
Figure 17. Pressure contours of JPC forward shock wave and pressure peak-time histories (H = 45 cm)
图 18 SCJ前向冲击波的压力云图和压力峰值（H=45 cm）
Figure 18. Pressure contours of SCJ forward shock wave and pressure peak-time histories (H = 45 cm)
图 21 聚能装药侵彻水中双层靶板时前向冲击波压力峰值的变化（H = 20 cm）
Figure 21. Variation of forward shock wave pressure peak during the shaped charge penetrating into the double-layer target plate in water (H = 20cm)
图 22 聚能装药前向冲击着靶前的压力峰值变化
Figure 22. Variation of the pressure peak of the forward shock wave at target plates
图 26 3种聚能装药对不同水介质长度中双层靶板的侵彻过程
Figure 26. Penetration processes of three shaped charges into double-layer target plates at different water medium lengths
图 27 聚能装药对水中双层间隔靶的毁伤性能
Figure 27. Damage performance of shaped charge to double-layer spaced target in water
表 1 聚能装药侵彻体在不同介质中的侵彻速度
Table 1. Penetration velocity of shaped charge penetrator in different media
装药类型 F/cm 入水前（测点A） H/cm 着靶前（测点B） 穿靶后（测点C） η3/% Δt0/μs v0/(m·s−1) Δt1/μs v1/(m·s−1) η1/% Δt2/μs v2/(m·s−1) η2/% SCJ 35 6 5833 20 8.5 4118 29.41 9.5 3684 10.53 36.84 45 10.0 3500 40.00 11.0 3182 9.09 45.44 JPC 35 9 3889 20 12.5 2800 28.00 14.0 2500 10.71 35.71 45 15.0 2333 40.01 16.0 2187 6.26 43.76 EFP 35 11 3182 20 18.0 1944 38.89 25.0 1400 28.00 56.00 45 32.0 1094 65.63 59.0 593 45.79 81.36 
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表 2 3种聚能装药对水中双层靶的的侵彻效果
Table 2. Penetration effect of three kinds of shaped charge on double-layer target in water
装药类型 F/cm H/cm 前靶板 后靶板 入口尺寸/cm 出口尺寸/cm 穿靶效果 入口尺寸/cm 出口尺寸/cm 穿靶效果 EFP 35 20 ϕ5.0 ϕ5.2 穿透 − − − JPC 35 45 4.0×3.5 5.0×3.8 穿透 ϕ2.3 ϕ2.3 穿透 100 ϕ2.3 ϕ2.3 穿透 ϕ1.0 ϕ1.0 穿透 SCJ 35 45 3.6×1.6 3.2×1.5 穿透 ϕ1.2 ϕ1.2 穿透 100 ϕ1.1 ϕ1.1 穿透 ϕ0.8 ϕ0.8 穿透
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材料 ρ/(g·cm−3) A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/GPa JH-2 1.7 56.4 6.801 4.1 1.3 0.36 10
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材料 ρ/(kg·m−3) C/(m·s−1) S1 S2 S3 ω V0 空气 1.25 344 1.4 0 水 1.02×103 1647 2.56 1.986 1.23 0.5 1
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材料 ρ/(g·cm−3) A/MPa B/MPa n C m Tm/K Tr/K 紫铜 8.96 90 292 0.31 0.025 1.09 1 356 293 45钢 7.80 507 320 0.28 0.064 1.06 1 795 300 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 0.1 0.76 1.57 0.005 0.84
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表 6 靶板毁伤效果数值模拟值与实验值对比
Table 6. Comparison of numerical simulation values and experimental measurements of damage effect of target plate
装药类型 H/cm d1 d2 数值模拟值/cm 实验平均值/cm 误差/% 数值模拟值/cm 实验平均值/cm 误差/% EFP 20 4.90 5.00 −2.00 − − − JPC 45 3.60 3.65 −1.37 2.35 2.3 2.17 SCJ 45 1.50 1.55 −3.22 1.18 1.20 −1.67
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