摘要:
在近几年的地区性局部冲突中，随着军事技术的不断发展各种新型武器装备和大口径弹药被广泛使用，因此由爆炸冲击波引发的人员颅脑损伤占比大幅提升。由于爆炸冲击波性脑损伤涉及多种损伤类型及复杂作用机制，为尽快探求爆炸冲击波作用下人员颅脑损伤情况，评价个体装备防护效果，亟待建立一套科学、合理的颅脑损伤综合评价方法。本文依据爆炸冲击波人体颅脑“短时”和“长时”致伤效应，依托具有中国人体尺寸特征的高仿真物理假人模型及传感器系统，在激波管测试环境下通过模拟不同强冲击环境，系统测量了假人模型头部表面超压、质心加速度&角速度以及颈部的力&力矩等指标随时间的变化过程，并结合现有成熟损伤判定准则及判据进行综合损伤判定。试验结果表明，作用于假人模型的不同损伤指标作用时长存在显著差异，冲击波超压作用时间较短，头部质心加速度和颈部力次之，头部质心角速度和颈部力矩作用时间最长；在77 kPa冲击波压力作用环境下，颅脑损伤风险较低，随着冲击波压力增加至203 kPa时，颅脑损伤风险显著上升并可能引起重度脑损伤。
Abstract:
In recent years' regional and local conflicts, with the continuous development of military technology, various new types of weaponry and large-caliber ammunitions have been widely used. As a result, the proportion of craniocerebral injuries to personnel caused by blast shock waves has increased significantly. Since blast-induced traumatic brain injury involve multiple injury types and complex action mechanisms, to quickly explore the situation of craniocerebral injuries to personnel under the action of blast shock waves and evaluate the protective effects of individual equipment, it is urgent to establish a scientific and reasonable comprehensive evaluation method for craniocerebral injuries. Based on the "short-term" and "long-term" injury effects of blast shock waves on the human craniocerebral region, relying on the realistic physical manikin models with the characteristics of Chinese body dimensions and the sensor system, this paper systematically measured the variation process over time of indicators such as the overpressure on the manikin models' head, the centroid acceleration&angular velocity of the head, and the force&moment of the neck in the shock tube test environment by simulating different strong shock wave environments. And comprehensive injury judgments were made by combining the existing mature injury determination criteria and judgment bases. The results showed that there were significant differences in the action durations of different injury indicators acting on the manikin models. The action time of the shock wave overpressure was relatively short, followed by the centroid acceleration of the head and the force of the upper neck, and the action time of the angular velocity of the centroid of the head and the moment of the upper neck was the longest. Under the action environment of a 77 kPa shock wave pressure, the risk of brain injury caused by the shock wave was relatively low. However, as the shock wave pressure increased to 203 kPa, the risk of brain injury increased significantly, and severe brain injury might be caused.
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