等效模拟爆炸加载试验技术研究进展

姚术健; 王延靖; 陈奕恺; 陈斐鹏; 王志富; 张舵

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2025-0040

等效模拟爆炸加载试验技术研究进展

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0040

姚术健^{1, 2,},
王延靖^{1, 2},
陈奕恺^{1, 2},
陈斐鹏^{1, 2},
王志富^{1, 2},
张舵^3, ,

1.
中南大学极端流动力能前沿科学中心，湖南长沙 410075
2.
中南大学交通运输工程学院，湖南长沙 410075
3.
国防科技大学理学院，湖南长沙 410075

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（12272414）；湖南省自然科学基金项目（2021JJ30786）

详细信息

作者简介:
姚术健（1988－　），男，博士，教授，yaoshujian@126.com

通讯作者:
张　舵（1977－　），男，博士，教授，duo.zhang@163.com

中图分类号: O383.3
计量
- 文章访问数: 513
- HTML全文浏览量: 67
- PDF下载量: 182
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-02-14
- 修回日期: 2025-07-04
- 网络出版日期: 2025-07-07

A review of equivalent loading test techniques for simulating explosion load

YAO Shujian^{1, 2
,},
WANG Yanjing^{1, 2},
CHEN Yikai^{1, 2},
CHEN Feipeng^{1, 2},
WANG Zhifu^{1, 2},
ZHANG Duo^{3
, ,}

1.
Frontiers Science Center for Extreme Flows and Energies, Central South University, Changsha 410075, Hunan, China
2.
School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, Hunan, China
3.
College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410075, Hunan, China

摘要

摘要: 随着全球恐怖主义和工业事故的增加，对基础设施在爆炸冲击下的安全性研究变得尤为迫切。试验作为探究材料和结构在爆炸冲击下动力响应和损伤特性的关键手段，它能安全、高效、准确地模拟爆炸冲击加载技术成为了该领域的研究热点与挑战。综述了模拟远场爆炸荷载的等效加载试验技术的研究进展，包括炸药驱动激波管、高压气体驱动激波管、落锤冲击试验机和液压驱动模拟器等。这些技术在模拟爆炸冲击波方面各有优势和局限，但都致力于提供一个安全、可控的实验环境，以复现爆炸产生的高速气流和冲击波。通过对比分析，揭示了各种技术在模拟爆炸载荷的准确性、适用性和操作便利性等，并讨论了它们在实际应用中的潜力和挑战。最后，介绍了一种基于液气相变膨胀的新型模拟爆炸加载试验技术并展望了后续研究方向。
- 等效加载 /
- 激波管 /
- 爆炸模拟器 /
- 结构响应 /
- 毁伤评估
Abstract: Against the backdrop of rising global terrorism and industrial accidents, research on infrastructure safety under blast impact has become critically urgent. As a pivotal approach for investigating dynamic responses and damage characteristics of materials and structures subjected to explosive loading, the equivalent blast-loading techniques, which show safe, efficient, and accurate, have emerged as both a research frontier and challenge. This review synthesizes advancements in equivalent blast-loading techniques for far-field explosion simulation, encompassing explosive-driven shock tubes, high-pressure gas-driven shock tubes, drop-weight impact testing machines, and hydraulically-actuated simulators. While each technique exhibits distinct advantages and limitations in simulating blast shockwaves, all strive to establish controlled and secure experimental environments that reproduce high-velocity air flow fields and pressure waves generated by explosions. Through comparative assessment, their performance in load replication fidelity, applicability, and operational efficiency are elucidated, alongside discussions on implementation challenges and potential. Finally, a novel blast simulation technique leveraging liquid-gas phase-transition-driven expansion is introduced and the follow-up research directions are prospected.
- equivalent loading /
- shock tube /
- blast simulator /
- structural response /
- damage assessment

HTML全文

图 1 理想爆炸的压力-时间曲线^[14]

Figure 1. Pressure-time history curve of ideal explosion^[14]

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图 2 理想激波管内的事件^[44]

Figure 2. Events in an ideal, classical shock tube^[44]

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图 3 炸药驱动激波管^[48]

Figure 3. Blast-driven shock tube^[48]

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图 4 激波管出口处试验结果与自由场空气爆破试验结果对比^[56]

Figure 4. The results of shock tube outlet test are compared with those of free field air blasting test^[56]

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图 5 高压气体气动激波管各种流动异常^[65]

Figure 5. Various flow anomalies of high-pressure gas pneumatic shock tube^[65]

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图 6 内布拉斯加大学林肯分校的方形激波管^[68]

Figure 6. Square shock tube from University of Nebraska-Lincoln ^[68]

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图 7 挪威科技大学的激波管设备^[74-77]

Figure 7. Shock tube facility from Norwegian University of Science and Technology^[74-77]

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图 8 澳大利亚卧龙岗大学的NFPBS ABS^[88-90]

Figure 8. NFPBS ABS, University of Wollongong, Australia^[88-90]

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图 9 膜片破裂阶段

Figure 9. Diaphragm rupture stage

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图 10 落锤冲击试验装置^[102]

Figure 10. Drop hammer impact test device^[102]

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图 11 USCD爆炸模拟器^{[110, 115]}

Figure 11. USCD blast simulator^{[110, 115]}

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图 12 欧盟研制的液压驱动模拟器^[116]

Figure 12. Hydraulically driven simulator developed by the European Union ^[116]

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图 13 中南大学的液气相变驱动模拟器^[118]

Figure 13. Liquid-gas phase change driving simulator at Central South University^[118]

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表 1 激波管模拟爆炸加载试验装置

Table 1. Shock tube-based simulated explosion loading experimental setup

激波管	机构	尺寸	驱动方式	目的
EDST^{[30, 51]}	比利时布鲁塞尔大学材料与结构力学系	内径168.2 mm，长1 200 mm，圆柱形激波管	C4炸药驱动，无隔膜	研究材料在极端条件下的性能
炸药驱动激波管^{[48, 91]}	中国强脉冲辐射环境模拟与效应国家重点实验室	总长9.5 m，驱动段长1.5 m内径0.14 m，圆柱形激波管	TNT炸药驱动，无隔膜	探究炸药驱动激波管内的冲击超压环境
锥形激波管^[56-58]	美国陆军研究实验室	长193.04 cm，圆锥角17°，起始直径10.16 cm，锥形激波管	C4炸药驱动，无隔膜	研究空气爆炸对防护材料相互作用和人员的影响
2 m激波管^[66-67]	加拿大渥太华大学结构工程实验室	驱动段0.305～5.185 m可调，扩张段为从0.597 m圆形扩张到2.032 m的方形截面	压缩空气驱动，铝膜片分隔	用于测试结构部件在爆炸荷载下的响应
0.23 m方形激波管^[68]	美国内布拉斯加大学林肯分校	驱动截面0.23 m×0.23 m，总长6.2 m	氮气驱动，单隔膜	爆炸荷载引起的脑部损伤的影响
SIMLab激波管（SSTF）^[74-77]	挪威科技大学	圆柱形驱动段，出口方形截面0.3 m，总长18.355 m	压缩气体驱动， Melinex片隔膜	研究复合材料和结构在水下爆炸载荷作用下的响应
BST-Ⅰ大型生物激波管^[82-83]	陆军军医大学	总长39 m，试验段直径1 m	压缩空气驱动，双夹模结构	研究爆炸冲击波对生物造成的原发性损伤
3马赫激波管^[85]	中国科学技术大学空天飞行高温气动全国重点实验室	驱动段总长13.16 m，	高压气体驱动，聚酯薄膜	强激波诱导的Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性
Blast-STAR^[86-87]	德国弗劳恩霍夫高速动力研究所	总长22 m，测试段为3 m×3 m的方形截面	高压气体驱动，铝隔膜	分析部件对爆炸荷载的抵抗力，指导建筑设计
NFPBS ABS^[88-90]	澳大利亚卧龙岗大学	出口方形界面1.5 m×2.0 m，总长19.79 m	高压气体或氧乙炔爆炸驱动，Valmex隔膜	提供各种爆炸波加载状态，探究军用和民用设施的爆炸毁伤特性

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表 2 比较各种模拟爆炸试验方法

Table 2. Compare various simulated explosion test methods

试验方法	优点	缺点	适用范围
炸药驱动激波管	模拟精度高，能够较好地复现爆炸冲击波的压力历程	冲击波脉管较短，安全性要求高，成本高，污染环境	高强度爆炸模拟，研究材料在极端条件下的性能
高压气体驱动激波管	安全性高，成本较低，操作简便	技术难度大，能量输出和脉冲持续时间调节范围有限	中等规模爆炸模拟，大量重复性模拟爆炸试验
落锤冲击试验机	操作简便，成本相对较低，重复性好	难模拟爆炸产生的复杂多维载荷，对于大尺度结构的模拟能力有限	结构部件的冲击响应测试，如桥梁、建筑结构等在局部冲击下的性能评估
液压驱动模拟器	能够精确控制加载的时间和强度，适用于模拟复杂载荷条件	设备成本高，技术难度大，产生的载荷上升时间较长，衰减时间较短	脉冲毁伤占主要原因，对爆炸波精度要求不高环境

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