Effect of head cone angle on flow field variation during high-speed projectile water entry
-
摘要: 弹体高速入水过程中会发生空化现象形成空泡，引起流场变化，进一步影响弹体运动稳定性。针对不同头部锥角双锥段弹体穿越自由液面后的流场变化影响特性展开研究，基于电磁发射装置进行弹体高速入水试验，采用重叠网格技术和流体域体积（volume of fluid，VOF）多相流模型建立弹体高速入水数值模型并展开计算，通过试验验证了数值模型的有效性，获取了不同头型弹体垂直入水后的流场变化特性。研究发现：双锥段弹体垂直入水后，空泡对称发展，空泡面闭合后，总长度增大，最大宽度逐渐减小；随着弹体空化器头部锥角的增大，弹体入水初期空泡闭合、表面沾湿的位置向尾部靠近，空泡轮廓越宽，入水瞬间和水中运动时的阻力也越大，速度衰减越快，空泡发生面闭合的时间越迟，水中运动同一时刻，弹体尾空泡的长度越长，水域内涡结构的长度越短。Abstract: During the high-speed water entry of a projectile, cavitation occurs, forming a cavity bubble that alters the flow field and subsequently affects the projectile’s motion stability. Our study investigates the characteristics of flow field changes after double-cone projectiles with different head cone angles traverse the free surface. High-speed water entry experiments were conducted by using an electromagnetic launch device, and a numerical simulation model of high-speed water entry was established basing on the overset mesh technique and the volume-of-fluid multiphase flow model. The validity of the simulation model was verified through experiments, and the flow field characteristics after the vertical water entry of projectiles with different head types were obtained. The research findings are as follows: After the vertical water entry of a double-cone projectile, the cavity bubble develops symmetrically. Following surface closure of the cavity bubble, its total length increases while its maximum width gradually decreases. As the head cone angle of the projectile's cavitator increases: during the initial entry phase, the closure point and wetted surface position move closer to the tail; the cavity contour becomes wider; the resistance experienced at the moment of entry and during underwater motion increases, leading to faster velocity decay; the time of surface closure for the cavity bubble is delayed. At the same moment during underwater motion, the longer the length of the tail cavity bubble, the shorter the length of the vortex structures within the water domain.
-
Key words:
- high-speed water entry /
- cavity bubble /
- projectile /
- head type
-
图 3 不同网格量下速度变化对比
Figure 3. Comparison of velocity variations under different mesh quantities
图 4 不同区域宽度下速度变化对比
Figure 4. Comparison of velocity variations under different area widths
图 5 不同区域宽度下入水5 m处水蒸气流场对比
Figure 5. Comparison of water vapor flow fields at a depth of 5 m under different area widths
图 7 水深1.25 m时试验和数值模拟空泡对比
Figure 7. Comparison of cavitations between test and simulation at a water depth of 1.25 m
图 9 弹体高速入水试验中的位移和速度随时程曲线
Figure 9. Displacement and velocity histories of the projectile during water entry
图 12 弹体入水运动流场变化
Figure 12. Flow field changes during the water entry motion of the projectile
图 17 不同头型弹体入水初期空泡演化过程
Figure 17. The initial cavitation change process of projectiles with different head types during water entry
图 18 弹体入水初期空泡最大宽度变化曲线
Figure 18. Variation of maximum cavitation width at the initial stage of the projectile entering the water
图 19 不同头型弹体入水6 ms后压力场
Figure 19. Pressure field of the projectile with different head types after entering water for 6 ms
图 20 不同头型弹体入水24 ms后水蒸气体积分数场
Figure 20. Vapor volume fraction field of projectiles with different head types after entering water for 24 ms
图 21 不同头型弹体入水24 ms后压力场
Figure 21. Pressure field of projectiles with different head types after entering water for 24 ms
图 22 不同头型弹体入水48 ms后流场相云图
Figure 22. Flow field phase nephograms of projectiles with different head types after entering water for 48 ms
图 23 不同头型弹体入水48 ms后涡结构场
Figure 23. Vortex structure fields of projectiles with different head types after entering water for 48 ms
图 24 入水速度随位移的变化
Figure 24. Variation of velocity with displacement during water entry process
图 25 弹体绕x轴和z轴偏转角度随入水位移的变化
Figure 25. Variation of the deflection angle of the projectile around the x-axis and the z-axis with displacement
图 26 头部顶点压力随位移的变化
Figure 26. Variation of pressure at the head vertex with displacement
表 1 不同时刻各弹体入水初期空泡最大宽度
Table 1. The maximum width of the cavitation at the initial stage of each projectile entering the water at different times
弹体模型 空泡最大宽度/mm 1 ms 2 ms 3 ms 4 ms 5 ms 6 ms 60°锥头 64.10 75.71 106.06 110.89 116.66 123.25 90°锥头 74.37 89.45 103.19 114.11 120.42 124.90 120°锥头 82.98 103.82 114.55 126.38 134.49 136.10 150°锥头 86.88 106.97 120.82 133.87 138.11 147.02 平头 90.16 110.06 125.19 137.44 144.93 153.83 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 弹体入水后速度、压力变化
Table 2. Variation of velocity and pressure of projectiles after entering the water
弹体模型 入水5 m后速度/(m·s−1) 速度衰减/(m·s−1) 入水瞬间头部顶点峰值压力/MPa 入水5 m后头部顶点压力/MPa 60°锥头 99.3 10.7 5.1 3.47 90°锥头 103.5 6.5 7.7 4.58 120°锥头 101.9 8.1 12.6 5.08 150°锥头 100.6 9.4 17.9 5.17 平头 99.5 10.5 22.7 5.09
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] WORTHINGTON A M, COLE R S. Impact with a liquid surface studied by the aid of instantaneous photography [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1900, 194(A): 175–200. [2] LOGVINOVICH G V. Hydrodynamics of flows with free boundaries[M]. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1969. [3] DUCLAUX V, CAILLE F, DUEZ C, et al. Dynamics of transient cavities [J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2007, 591: 1–19. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112007007343. [4] GRUMSTRUP T, KELLER J B, BELMONTE A. Cavity ripples observed during the impact of solid objects into liquids [J]. Physical Review Letters, 2007, 99(11): 114502. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.114502. [5] YAN H M, LIU Y M, KOMINIARCZUK J, et al. Cavity dynamics in water entry at low Froude numbers [J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2009, 641: 441–461. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112009991558. [6] TRUSCOTT T T, TECHET A H. A spin on cavity formation during water entry of hydrophobic and hydrophilic spheres [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2009, 21(12): 121703. DOI: 10.1063/1.3272264. [7] BELDEN J, HURD R C, JANDRON M A, et al. Elastic spheres can walk on water [J]. Nature Communications, 2016, 7: 10551. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10551. [8] 张伟, 郭子涛, 肖新科, 等. 弹体高速入水特性实验研究 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2011, 31(6): 579–584. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2011)06-0579-06.ZHANG W, GUO Z T, XIAO X K, et al. Experimental investigations on behaviors of projectile high-speed water entry [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2011, 31(6): 579–584. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2011)06-0579-06. [9] 何春涛, 王聪, 何乾坤, 等. 圆柱体低速入水空泡试验研究 [J]. 物理学报, 2012, 61(13): 134701.HE C T, WANG C, HE Q K, et al. Low speed water-entry of cylindrical projectile [J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(13): 134701. [10] 施红辉, 周浩磊, 吴岩, 等. 伴随超空泡产生的高速细长体入水实验研究 [J]. 力学学报, 2012, 44(1): 49–55.SHI H H, ZHOU H L, WU Y, et al. Experiments on water entry of high-speed slender body and the resulting supercavitation [J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2012, 44(1): 49–55. [11] 施红辉, 胡青青, 陈波, 等. 钝体倾斜和垂直冲击入水时引起的超空泡流动特性实验研究 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2015, 35(5): 617–624. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2015)05-0617-08.SHI H H, HU Q Q, CHEN B, et al. Experimental study of supercavitating flows induced by oblique and vertical water entry of blunt bodies [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2015, 35(5): 617–624. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2015)05-0617-08. [12] 杨衡, 张阿漫, 龚小超, 等. 不同头型弹体低速入水空泡试验研究 [J]. 哈尔滨工程大学学报, 2014, 35(9): 1060–1066. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7043.201304035.YANG H, ZHANG A M, GONG X C, et al. Experimental study of the cavity of low speed water entry of different head shape projectiles [J]. Journal of Harbin Engineering University, 2014, 35(9): 1060–1066. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7043.201304035. [13] 马庆鹏, 何春涛, 王聪, 等. 球体垂直入水空泡实验研究 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2014, 34(2): 174–180. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2014)02-0174-07.MA Q P, HE C T, WANG C, et al. Experimental investigation on vertical water-entry cavity of sphere [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2014, 34(2): 174–180. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2014)02-0174-07. [14] 施瑶. 回转体型航行器高速入水空泡与冲击载荷特性研究[D]. 西安: 西北工业大学, 2016.SHI Y. Study on the cavity and impact characteristic of cylindrical underwater vehicle during high speed water entry [D]. Xi’an: Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2016. [15] 赵成功. 高速射弹非定常运动多相流场与弹道特性研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2017.ZHAO C G. Research on multiphase flow and trajectory characteristics of unsteady movement of high speed projectile [D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2017. [16] 郭子涛, 张伟, 郭钊, 等. 截卵形弹水平入水的速度衰减及空泡扩展特性 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2017, 37(4): 727–733. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2017)04-0727-07.GUO Z T, ZHANG W, GUO Z, et al. Characteristics of velocity attenuation and cavity expansion induced by horizontal water-entry of truncated-ogive nosed projectiles [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2017, 37(4): 727–733. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2017)04-0727-07. [17] 黄振贵, 王瑞琦, 陈志华, 等. 90°锥头弹丸不同速度下垂直入水冲击引起的空泡特性 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2018, 38(6): 1189–1199. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2018-0115.HUANG Z G, WANG R Q, CHEN Z H, et al. Experimental study of cavity characteristic induced by vertical water entry impact of a projectile with a 90° cone-shaped head at different velocities [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2018, 38(6): 1189–1199. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2018-0115. [18] CHEN C, MA Q P, WEI Y J, et al. Experimental study on the cavity dynamics in high-speed oblique water-entry [J]. Fluid Dynamics Research, 2018, 50: 045511. DOI: 10.1088/1873-7005/aac766. [19] SHI Y, WANG G H, PAN G. Experimental study on cavity dynamics of projectile water entry with different physical parameters [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2019, 31: 067103. DOI: 10.1063/1.5096588. [20] 郭子涛, 陈拓, 郭钊, 等. 弹体水平入水的空泡扩展相关特性研究 [J]. 振动与冲击, 2019, 38(4): 90–94. DOI: 10.13465/j.cnki.jvs.2019.04.015.GUO Z T, CHEN T, GUO Z, et al. A study on the cavitation expansion related characteristics induced by horizontal water entry of projectiles [J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2019, 38(4): 90–94. DOI: 10.13465/j.cnki.jvs.2019.04.015. [21] 杨柳, 孙铁志, 魏英杰, 等. 超弹性球体入水过程空泡演化及球体变形实验 [J]. 物理学报, 2021, 70(8): 084701. DOI: 10.7498/aps.70.20201738.YANG L, SUN T Z, WEI Y J, et al. Experimental study of cavity evolution and deformation during water entering into hyperelastic sphere [J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(8): 084701. DOI: 10.7498/aps.70.20201738. [22] 华扬, 施瑶, 潘光, 等. 非对称头型航行体入水空泡形态与弹道特性的实验研究 [J]. 西北工业大学学报, 2021, 39(6): 1249–1258. DOI: 10.1051/jnwpu/20213961249.HUA Y, SHI Y, PAN G, et al. Experimental study on water-entry cavity and trajectory of vehicle with asymmetric nose shape [J]. Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2021, 39(6): 1249–1258. DOI: 10.1051/jnwpu/20213961249. [23] 车沛錡. 大型回转体高速入水空泡演变及载荷特性研究[D]. 西安: 西北工业大学, 2023.CHE P Q. Study on the cavitation evolution and load characteristics of large revolving body during high speed water entry [D]. Xi’an: Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2023. [24] 陈建良, 杨璞, 李继承, 等. 大口径锥头弹体高速倾斜入水偏转规律数值模拟 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2024, 44(7): 073301. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2023-0398.CHEN J L, YANG P, LI J C, et al. Numerical simulation on the deflection behavior of large caliber conical nose projectile at oblique high-speed water entry [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2024, 44(7): 073301. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2023-0398. [25] CHEN J L, YANG P, LI J C, et al. Deflection law in trajectory of large caliber conical-nosed projectile at high-speed oblique water entry [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2025, 37(3): 034126. DOI: 10.1063/5.0259854. [26] YU Y L, SHI Y, PAN G, et al. Effect of velocity and angle on the structural evolution of cavity and flow field during vehicle water entry process [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2024, 36(12): 123338. DOI: 10.1063/5.0238803. [27] CHE P Q, SHI Y, ZHAO H R, et al. Study on the cavity evolution and load characteristics of large projectile during high-speed water entry [J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024, 303: 117673. DOI: 10.1016/J.OCEANENG.2024.117673. [28] LIU X J, LIU W T, MING F R, et al. Investigation of free surface effect on the cavity expansion and contraction in high-speed water entry [J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2024, 988(453): A53. DOI: 10.1017/JFM.2024.473. [29] SEONG H P, VAN T N, WARN G P. Numerical investigation on supercavitation hydrodynamics of high-speed water entry projectiles under effect of different head shapes [J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024, 311(P2): 118926. DOI: 10.1016/J.OCEANENG.2024.118926. [30] SUI Y T, MING F R, WANG S P, et al. Experimental and numerical investigations on the transient impact load of the oblique water entry of the concave-nose projectiles [J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2024, 174: 104748. DOI: 10.1016/J.IJMULTIPHASEFLOW.2024.104748. [31] QI C, LV X J, WANG X, et al. Experimental and numerical studies on vertical water entry of a cylinder under the influence of current [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2024, 36(3): 033322. DOI: 10.1063/5.0190612. [32] KHABAKHPASHEVA T I, KOROBKIN A. A. , MALENICA S. Water entry of an elastic conical shell [J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2024, 980(434): A34. DOI: 10.1017/JFM.2024.17. [33] XIA S S, WEI Y J, WANG C, et al. Structural and hydrodynamic characteristics of hollow cylinder during high-speed water entry [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2025, 37(1): 015227. DOI: 10.1063/5.0251334. [34] FAN S Q, YAO X L, MA G H, et al. Research on high-speed water entry similarity of multiscale vehicle based on two-parameter compensation of atmospheric pressure-density [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2025, 37(1): 013373. DOI: 10.1063/5.0251086. -
计量
- 文章访问数: 672
- HTML全文浏览量: 109
- PDF下载量: 58
- 被引次数: 0