Development of a methane-air deflagration-driven blast wave simulator Ⅱ: blast wave evolution and experimental design
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摘要: 针对传统爆炸荷载模拟装置危险性高、成本较高、模拟荷载种类受限等问题，基于已有试验装置，研发安全、经济、适用于原型或大比例尺试验的甲烷-空气爆燃驱动爆炸荷载模拟装置。采用CFD软件OpenFOAM建立大尺寸管道内甲烷-空气爆燃数值计算模型，并通过试验数据验证其有效性；数值模拟分析了气云长度、泄爆条件和障碍物布置等参数对超压荷载特性的影响，揭示了装置内爆炸波传播与火焰演化机制，确定了优化的加载技术方案。研究表明，建立的数值模型可合理预测大尺寸管道内甲烷-空气爆燃的超压-时程和空间分布；增大气云长度、合理设置近点火点的障碍物可显著增强装置内燃气爆燃强度，侧向泄爆可得到较高的爆炸荷载并有效分离压力波和火焰，避免加载面处的高温干扰；最终提出了基于4个障碍物（障碍率为1×50%+3×25%，间距为3 m）及可变气云长度（1.5～6 m）的爆炸荷载模拟加载方案。试验验证表明产生的超压荷载峰值与数值预测结果的误差小于12%，荷载均匀性良好，重复性高，可用于RC（reinforced concrete）板等构件的抗爆性能试验。Abstract: The design of blast wave simulators for prototype or large-scale engineering structures and components must carefully balance safety, cost, and performance. To address this challenge, a blast wave simulator driven by methane–air deflagration was developed in this study. Numerical models of methane–air deflagration in large-scale tubes were established using the CFD software OpenFOAM and validated against experimental data. On the basis of the validated model, numerical simulations were performed to investigate the effects of gas cloud length, venting conditions, and obstacle configurations on overpressure loads, thereby revealing the mechanisms of blast wave and flame propagation in the methane–air deflagration-driven simulator. A testing scheme was subsequently proposed to generate different levels of blast loading. The results show that the developed numerical model can reasonably predict the overpressure time histories and spatial distributions of gas explosions in large-scale tubes. In the simulator, increasing the gas cloud volume and placing obstacles near the ignition zone of the driven section can significantly intensify the deflagration of methane–air mixtures. Moreover, side venting effectively separates the pressure wave from the flame, thereby preventing high-temperature effects in the loading area. An optimized loading configuration was proposed, in which four obstacles (1×50% blockage ratio and 3×25% blockage ratio, spaced at 3 m intervals) were arranged, and different blast load levels were achieved by varying the gas cloud length from 1.5 m to 6 m in the driven section. Trial tests of the developed simulator showed that the measured peak overpressures agree well with the numerical predictions, with deviations less than 12%, and the results exhibit good uniformity and high repeatability. These findings demonstrate that the proposed methane-air deflagration-driven blast wave simulator is suitable for blast testing of structural components such as reinforced concrete slabs.
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Key words:
- blast wave simulator /
- methane-air /
- deflagration-driven /
- blast wave
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图 1 大尺寸管道燃气内爆炸试验系统
Figure 1. Experimental system of gas explosion in large-scale tubes
图 4 数值计算模型
Figure 4. Computational domain, boundary and initial conditions of numerical model
图 10 K6工况超压与燃烧进程时程曲线
Figure 10. Overpressure-time histories and combustion progress of Case K6
图 11 K6工况火焰、超压、流速与燃烧率云图对比
Figure 11. Flame, overpressure, velocity and combustion rate contours of case K6
图 12 不同泄爆条件下加载面处超压荷载对比
Figure 12. Comparison of overpressure loads with different venting conditions
图 13 不同泄爆条件下加载面处超压荷载分布
Figure 13. Distribution of overpressure loads with different venting conditions
图 16 不同阻塞率条件下加载面处超压荷载对比
Figure 16. Comparison of overpressure loads with different blockage ratio
图 17 不同气云长度条件下加载面处超压荷载时程曲线
Figure 17. Comparison of overpressure loads with different gas cloud length
图 18 加载面处超压峰值随气云长度的变化
Figure 18. Effect of gas cloud length on the overpressure peak of loading area
图 19 爆炸超压荷载与自由场TNT爆炸反射超压荷载时程的对比
Figure 19. Comparison of overpressure load between simulated load and TNT explosions
图 20 加载面处爆炸荷载试验与数值计算结果的对比
Figure 20. Comparison of overpressure load between testing data and numerical prediction
图 21 相同工况不同试验加载面处超压荷载时程曲线的对比
Figure 21. Comparison of overpressure load generated by different tests with the same setup
图 22 1.5 m气云工况RC板抗爆试验
Figure 22. Explosion test of RC slab (1.5 m gas cloud length case)
表 1 数值计算工况表
Table 1. Cases considered in numerical simulation
模型布置 气云长度/m 1.5 2 3 6 9 12 15 18 A、B、C、D √ B、E √ E、F、G、H、I、J √ E、K、L、M、N √ K √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 注：√表示对应的工况在数值计算中已实施。 
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