复合型聚能药型罩作用下岩石的定向断裂

黄琦; 郭雁潮; 刘朕

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2025-0399

复合型聚能药型罩作用下岩石的定向断裂

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0399

黄琦^1,,
郭雁潮^2, ,,
刘朕³

1.
中国矿业大学（北京）力学与土木工程学院，北京 100083
2.
内蒙古科技大学安全与应急管理学院，内蒙古包头 014010
3.
北京科技大学未来城市学院，北京 100083

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（52227805）；内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目（2025QN05098）

详细信息

作者简介:
黄　琦（2002－　），男，硕士研究生，2287170499@qq.com

通讯作者:
郭雁潮（1993－　），男，博士，讲师，2024945@imust.edu.cn

中图分类号: O349.2; O389
计量
- 文章访问数: 120
- HTML全文浏览量: 17
- PDF下载量: 29
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-12-08
- 修回日期: 2026-04-14
- 网络出版日期: 2026-04-20

Experimental and numerical study on directional rock fracture induced by a composite shaped charge liner

HUANG Qi^1
,,
GUO Yanchao^{2
, ,},
LIU Zhen³

1.
School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2.
School of Safety Emergency Management, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia, China
3.
School of Future Cities, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

摘要

摘要: 为克服岩石爆破过程中裂纹扩展的随机性导致的定向断裂控制难的问题，提高岩石定向断裂爆破的能量利用效率，设计了一种“切缝+聚能”复合型药型罩结构，采用动态焦散线实验与数值模拟相结合的方法，研究了药型罩开口角度对裂纹扩展与能量释放的影响。结果表明：复合型聚能药型罩能够显著增强聚能方向裂纹扩展并抑制非聚能方向损伤，聚能效应随开口角增大呈先增强后减弱的变化规律。开口角为60°时，裂纹扩展长度、裂纹扩展速度、聚能与非聚能方向分形维数比值及动态应力强度因子均达到峰值，定向断裂效果最佳；能量释放率随开口角增大呈上升趋势，在75°时达到746.05 N/m。数值模拟显示，开口角为60°时形成的金属射流形态最完整、头部速度最高，对岩石的侵彻深度和入射孔径分别达到21.5和14.1 mm。研究揭示了复合型药型罩中爆生气体准静态作用与金属射流侵彻的耦合机制，可为聚能装药结构优化及岩体定向控制爆破设计提供参考。
- 聚能装药 /
- 复合药型罩 /
- 动态焦散线 /
- 分形维数
Abstract: Crack propagation in rock blasting exhibits strong randomness, making directional fracture control difficult and leading to low energy utilization efficiency, which remains a key issue in controlled blasting. To improve the energy utilization efficiency in directional fracturing, a composite shaped charge liner with a “slotting + shaped-charge” structure was designed. A combination of dynamic caustics experiments and numerical simulations was employed to investigate the effects of liner opening angle on crack propagation and energy release. In the experimental study, dynamic caustics technique was used to capture the initiation and evolution of cracks under blasting loading, and key dynamic parameters such as crack propagation velocity and stress intensity factor were obtained from caustic patterns. Meanwhile, fractal dimension analysis was introduced to quantitatively characterize the complexity and directional distribution of blast-induced cracks. In the numerical study, a fluid-structure coupled model was established to simulate the blasting process, enabling further analysis of stress wave propagation, energy release behavior, and the formation and penetration characteristics of the shaped charge jet under different opening angles. The results show that the composite shaped charge liner significantly enhances crack propagation in the energy-focused direction while suppressing damage in non-focused directions. The shaped-charge effect first increases and then decreases with increasing opening angle. When the opening angle is 60°, the crack propagation length, propagation velocity, the ratio of fractal dimensions between focused and non-focused directions, and the dynamic stress intensity factor all reach their peak values, indicating the optimal directional fracturing performance. The energy release rate increases with the opening angle and reaches 746.05 N/m at 75°. Numerical simulations indicate that, at an opening angle of 60°, the formed metal jet exhibits the most coherent morphology and the highest jet-tip velocity, with the penetration depth and inlet aperture reaching 21.5 mm and 14.1 mm, respectively. The study reveals the coupling mechanism between the quasi-static action of detonation gases and metal jet penetration in the composite liner, providing a reference for the optimization of shaped charge structures and the design of directional controlled blasting in rock engineering.
- shaped charge /
- composite shaped charge liner /
- dynamic caustics line /
- fractal dimension

HTML全文

图 1 数字激光动态焦散线实验系统

Figure 1. Digital laser dynamic caustics experimental system

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图 2 焦散成像原理

Figure 2. Principle of caustic imaging

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图 3 新型复合结构聚能药型罩示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the novel composite-structure shaped-charge liner

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图 4 实验方案示意图

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the experimental plan

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图 5 60°工况重复试验试件断裂形态

Figure 5. Fracture patterns of specimens from repeated tests at an opening angle of 60°

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图 6 试件断裂形态

Figure 6. Fracture patterns of the specimens

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图 7 焦散斑演化过程

Figure 7. Evolution process of the diffraction spot

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图 8 60°工况裂纹扩展时序图

Figure 8. Time-sequence images of crack propagation at an opening angle of 60°

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图 9 裂纹轨迹二值化图

Figure 9. Binary image of crack trajectory

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图 10 二值化划分图

Figure 10. Binary partition graph

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图 11 裂纹轨迹的计盒维数拟合曲线

Figure 11. Fitting curve of the box dimension of the crack trajectory

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图 12 不同开口角度裂纹扩展速度-时间曲线

Figure 12. Velocity-time curves of crack propagation under different opening angles

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图 13 不同开口角度试件裂纹尖端的应力强度因子

Figure 13. Stress intensity factors at crack tips of specimens with varying opening angles

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图 14 能量释放率-时间曲线

Figure 14. Energy release rate time curve

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图 15 射流头部速度的网格收敛性分析

Figure 15. Grid convergence analysis on jet nose velocity

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图 16 数值模拟模型

Figure 16. Numerical simulation model

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图 17 Mises应力云图演化过程

Figure 17. Evolution process of Mises stress cloud diagram

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图 18 不同开口角条件下射流侵彻深度与裂纹扩展长度变化关系

Figure 18. Relationship between jet penetration depth and crack propagation length under different opening angles

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表 1 PMMA试件动态力学参数

Table 1. Dynamic mechanical parameters of PMMA specimens

动态弹性模量/(GPa)	动态泊松比	膨胀波波速/(m·s⁻¹)	剪切波波速/(m·s⁻¹)	光学常数/(m·N⁻¹)
6.10	0.31	2320	1260	0.85×10⁻¹⁰

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表 2 DDNP爆炸性能

Table 2. Explosion performance of DDNP

爆速/(m·s⁻¹)	爆热/(kJ·kg⁻¹)	爆容/(L·kg⁻¹)	爆温/℃
6600	5900	2320	4950

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表 3 裂纹的扩展长度

Table 3. Extension length of cracks

试验序号	裂纹扩展长度/cm
试验序号	A₁	A₂	B₁	B₂
S₃-1	14.0	12.2	3.8	5.7
S₃-2	14.5	14.3	4.2	4.4
S₃-3	12.0	13.5	4.3	3.7

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表 4 裂纹的扩展长度

Table 4. Extension length of cracks

开口角度	裂纹扩展长度/cm
开口角度	A₁	A₂	B₁	B₂
30°	9.8	9.7	6.6	4.5
45°	14.3	14.0	7.5	9.3
60°	14.5	14.3	4.2	4.4
75°	12.9	13.1	7.5	8.7

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表 5 分形维数计算结果

Table 5. Calculation results of fractal dimension

开口角度	D_A1	D_A2	D_A	D_B1	D_B1	D_B	D_A/D_B
30°	1.0267	1.0400	1.0334	1.0076	1.1888	1.0892	0.9488
45°	1.2086	1.2243	1.2165	1.1192	1.1593	1.1393	1.0678
60°	1.3020	1.2868	1.2944	1.1515	1.0837	1.1176	1.1582
75°	1.2859	1.1541	1.2200	1.1696	1.2227	1.1962	1.0199

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表 6 岩石材料参数^[33]

Table 6. Rock material parameters

ρ/(kg·m⁻³)	G/GPa	σ_t/MPa	σ_c/MPa
2400	21.9	2.2	35
注：ρ为岩石密度；G为岩石剪切模量；σ_t为岩石抗拉强度；σ_c为岩石抗压强度。

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表 7 铜药型罩材料参数及状态方程参数^[34]

Table 7. Material parameters and state equation parameters of copper alloy hood

ρ/g·cm⁻³	E/GPa	ν	σ_y/MPa	γ₀	C₁	S₁	S₂
8.93	117	0.35	70	1.99	3.94×10³	1.489	0
注：ρ为紫铜密度；E为弹性模量；ν为泊松比；σ_y为屈服强度；γ₀为Grüneisen系数；C₁为材料声速；S₁为Hugoniot 关系一阶系数；S₂为Hugoniot关系二阶系数。

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表 8 炸药的材料参数及JWL方程参数^[36]

Table 8. Material parameters of explosives and parameters of JWL equation

ρ/(kg·m⁻³)	E₀/GPa	A/GPa	B/GPa	R₁	R₂	ω
1630	7.0	373.8	3.75	4.15	0.90	0.35

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表 9 数值计算侵彻结果

Table 9. Numerical calculation of piercing results

开口角度	侵彻深度/mm	入射孔径/cm
30°	13.0	10.1
45°	16.8	11.4
60°	21.5	14.1
75°	15.7	8.4

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