基于FEM-SPH耦合模拟的三维多空孔掏槽结构优化

杨金康; 李祥龙; 郇宝乾; 崔光久; 邓万成; 顾迎春; 王小平

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2026-0057

基于FEM-SPH耦合模拟的三维多空孔掏槽结构优化

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2026-0057

杨金康^1,,
李祥龙^{2, 3, ,},
郇宝乾²,
崔光久²,
邓万成²,
顾迎春⁴,
王小平⁵

1.
昆明理工大学公共安全与应急管理学院，云南昆明 650093
2.
昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院，云南昆明 650093
3.
云南省教育厅爆破新技术工程研究中心，云南昆明 650093
4.
玉溪矿业有限公司，云南玉溪 653405
5.
金川集团镍钴股份有限公司，甘肃金昌 737101

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（52274083）；云南省重大科技专项（202202AG050014）；云南省基础研究计划（202201AT070178）；

详细信息

作者简介:
杨金康（2002－　），男，硕士研究生，18326862271@163.com

通讯作者:
李祥龙（1981－　），男，博士，教授，lxl00014002@163.com

中图分类号: O389; TD235
计量
- 文章访问数: 202
- HTML全文浏览量: 22
- PDF下载量: 68
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-02-10
- 修回日期: 2026-06-04
- 网络出版日期: 2026-06-11

Optimization and engineering application of three-dimensional multi-pore groove structure based on FEM-SPH coupling simulation

1.
Faculty of Public Safety and Emergency Management, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
2.
Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
3.
Advanced Blasting Technology Engineering Research Center of Yunnan Province Education Department, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
4.
Yuxi Mining Co., Ltd., Yuxi, 653405, Yunnan, China
5.
Jinchuan Group Nickel & Cobalt Co., Ltd., Jinchang 737101, Gansu, China

摘要

摘要: 为解决巷道掘进过程中不合理的掏槽结构带来的循环进尺不足和炮孔利用率低等问题。基于空孔效应，利用FEM-SPH（finite element method-smooth particle hydrodynamics）耦合数值模拟构建了三维掏槽爆破模型并进行仿真分析，分析了不同掏槽布置方式对岩体损伤、抛掷效果及破碎形态的影响，并结合工程现场试验分析爆后残孔深度与循环进尺进行验证。研究结果表明：单中心装药孔＋五空孔的掏槽结构的自由面数量适中，应力波叠加更充分，爆破效果更好；五空孔的掏槽结构，相较于四空孔与六空孔结构，空孔模型的抛掷效果最佳，爆后槽腔口尺寸分别增大了42.5%和20.3%，槽腔剖面尺寸分别增大了52.4%和34.7%；现场试验结果表明，五空孔结构较四空孔和六空孔的掏槽结构循环进尺分别增大了10.2%和3.2%。研究揭示了空孔数量与爆破效果之间的非线性关系，适中的空孔数量可实现应力波叠加与能量集中的最优平衡，研究结果可为巷道掘进现场掏槽方案设计与优化提供依据。
- 掏槽爆破 /
- 空孔效应 /
- FEM-SPH /
- 现场试验
Abstract: To address the issues of insufficient cycle advance and low blast-hole utilization resulting from inappropriate cut blasting layouts during roadway excavation, the empty-hole effect was employed to establish a three-dimensional cut blasting model using FEM-SPH（finite element method-smooth particle hydrodynamics）coupled numerical simulation. In the numerical modeling, the rock mass was described by the RHT constitutive model, which accounts for strain-rate sensitivity and confinement effects under high-strain-rate loading. The explosive was modeled using the Jones-Wilkins-Lee equation of state. A central charged hole was surrounded by four, five, or six empty holes with a spacing of 210 mm determined theoretically. SPH particles were applied to the central zone to capture large deformation, fragmentation, and rock ejection, while the FEM was used for the outer region to reduce computational cost. Non-reflecting boundaries were set to avoid stress wave reflection. The model was then used to simulate and analyze the influence of different cut blasting arrangements on rock mass damage, rock throw efficiency, and fragmentation patterns. Furthermore, field engineering tests were conducted in a copper mine roadway to validate the simulation results by examining the residual hole depth after blasting and the achieved cycle advance. The research findings indicate that a cut blasting layout with one central charged hole and five empty holes provides a moderate number of free surfaces, allowing for more sufficient superposition of stress waves and resulting in better blasting performance. Compared to layouts with four or six empty holes, the five-empty-hole configuration demonstrates optimal rock throw effects, with the slot cavity opening size increasing by 42.5% and 20.3%, respectively, and the slot cavity cross-sectional size improving by 52.4% and 34.7%, respectively. Field test results show that the cycle advance achieved with the five-empty-hole layout is 10.2% and 3.2% higher than that of the four-empty-hole and six-empty-hole layouts, respectively. The research reveals a nonlinear relationship between the number of empty holes and blasting effects, demonstrating that the optimal balance between stress wave superposition and energy concentration can be achieved using a moderate number of empty holes, providing a basis for the design and optimization of cut blasting schemes in roadway excavation.
- cutting out blasting /
- void effect /
- FEM-SPH /
- field experiment

HTML全文

图 1 应力波传播过程

Figure 1. Stress wave propagation process

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 自由面效应

Figure 2. Free surface effect

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 空孔周围岩石单元受力分析

Figure 3. Force diagram of rock unit around pore

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 不同孔间距下岩体的变形特征

Figure 4. Deformation characteristics of rock mass under different hole spacing

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 不同数量空孔掏槽参数

Figure 5. Cut parameters with different numbers of empty holes

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 SPH-FEM计算模型

Figure 6. SPH-FEM computational model

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 不同空孔数量辅助掏槽结构损伤云图

Figure 7. Damage contours of auxiliary cut structures with different numbers of empty holes

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 抛掷粒子形态图

Figure 8. Morphology of ejected particles

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 不同时刻抛掷粒子数对比图

Figure 9. Comparison of ejected particle counts at different times

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 槽腔三维形态

Figure 10. 3D morphology of cut cavity

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 槽腔口与槽腔剖面形态对比

Figure 11. Comparison of cut cavity opening and cavity cross-section morphology

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 槽腔口面积对比

Figure 12. Comparison of cut cavity opening dimensions

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 槽腔剖面面积对比

Figure 13. Comparison of cross-sectional dimensions of the cut cavity

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 槽腔深度对比

Figure 14. Comparison of slot cavity depth

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 15 全断面炮孔布置图

Figure 15. Full-face borehole layout diagram

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 16 中心掏槽孔装药结构

Figure 16. Charging structure of central cut holes

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 17 爆破效果对比

Figure 17. Comparison of the blasting effects showing in field excavation

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 18 不同方案爆破效果对比

Figure 18. Comparison of blasting effects for different schemes

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 RHT模型计算参数^[29]

Table 1. RHT model parameters^[29]

ρ₀/(kg·m⁻³)	B₀	B₁	T₁/GPa	F_S^*	F_T^*	Q₀	F_C/MPa
2700	1.68	1.68	0.8671	0.38	0.1	0.64	8.3×10⁻⁴

A	B	N	E_C	D₁	D₂	A₁	A₂
1.6	0.0105	0.6	3.×10¹⁹	0.04	1.0	0.8671	1.4567
注：ρ₀为材料密度；B₀，B₁，T₁为状态方程参数；F_S^和F_T^为剪压强度比和拉压强度比；Q₀为拉压子午比参数;F_C为单轴抗压强度；A，B和N分别为失效面参数，罗德角相关系数和失效面指数；E_C为断裂压缩应变率；D₁和D₂为损伤参数，损伤指数；A₁和A₂为Hugonoit多项式参数。

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 炸药参数

Table 2. Explosive parameters

ρ/(kg·m⁻³)	D/(m·s⁻¹)	p/GPa	α/GPa	β/GPa	R₁	R₂	ω	E₀/GPa	V
1140	4780	3	3.264	0.058	5.8	1.56	0.57	0.0856	1.0

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM材料参数

Table 3. Material parameters of MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM

γ_sat/(kN·m⁻³)	G_s/MPa	K/ MPa	A₀/MPa	A₁/MPa	A₂/MPa	p_i/MPa
17	2. 524	4673	0. 001	0.0049	0.0079	-0.005
注：γ_sat为饱和容重；G_s为剪切模量；K为体积模量；A₀、A₁、A₂为屈服函数中的常数；p_i为拉伸断裂压力阈值。

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 掏槽孔爆破装药参数

Table 4. Blasting charge parameters for cut holes

断面/m	掏槽孔孔径/mm	空孔孔径/mm	炮孔与空孔的距离/mm	掏槽孔孔深/m	其他孔孔深/m
4.35×3.7	40	100	210	3.4	3.3

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 炸药性能参数

Table 5. Explosive performance parameters

炸药密度/（kg·m⁻³）	爆速/（m·s⁻¹）	爆压/GPa	猛度/mm	药卷直径/mm	药卷长度/mm	炸药质量/g
1140	4780	3	12	32	300	300

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(32)

[1]	王平, 倪世忠, 程爱平, 等. 多空孔直眼掏槽爆破参数优化研究 [J/OL]. 爆破. (2025-12-15)[2026-02-10]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/42.1164.TJ.20251215.1304.004. WANG P, NI S Z, CHENG A P, et al. Study on optimization of blasting parameters of multi-hole straight cut blasting [J/OL]. Blasting. (2025-12-15)[2026-02-10]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/42.1164.TJ.20251215.1304.004.
[2]	LIU K, LI Q Y, WU C Q, et al. Influence of in-situ stress on cut blasting of one-step raise excavation using numerical analysis based on a modified Holmquist-Johnson-Cook model [J]. Materials, 2023, 16(9): 3415. DOI: 10.3390/MA16093415.
[3]	冷振东, 张程娇, 邓小英, 等. 台阶爆破工业电子雷管精确延时爆破设计与应用 [J]. 工程爆破, 2024, 30(5): 216–225. DOI: 10.19931/j.EB.20240178. LENG Z D, ZHANG C J, DENG X Y, et al. Design and application of precise delayed blasting for bench blasting with industrial electronic detonators [J]. Engineering Blasting, 2024, 30(5): 216–225. DOI: 10.19931/j.EB.20240178.
[4]	张宪堂, 王佃飞, 齐宁宁, 等. 深部岩巷二阶分段楔形掏槽爆破损伤特征与成腔优化研究 [J/OL]. 煤炭科学技术. (2025-10-29)[2026-02-10]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/11.2402.td.20251029.1520.001. ZHANG X T, WANG D F, QI N N, et al. Study on damage characteristics and cavity formation optimization of second order piecewise wedge cutting blasting in deep rock tunnel [J/OL]. Coal Science and Technology. (2025-10-29)[2026-02-10]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/11.2402.td.20251029.1520.001.
[5]	张召冉, 陈华义, 矫伟刚, 等. 含空孔直眼掏槽空孔效应及爆破参数研究 [J]. 煤炭学报, 2020, 45(S2): 791–800. DOI: 10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2019.1591. ZHANG Z R, CHEN H Y, JIAO W G, et al. Rock breaking mechanism and blasting parameters of straight-hole cutting with empty-hole [J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2020, 45(S2): 791–800. DOI: 10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2019.1591.
[6]	郭学庭, 李腾, 王乃伟, 等. 掘进巷道节理组分析及爆破参数优化分析 [J]. 矿冶工程, 2021, 41(4): 24–28. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2021.04.006. GUO X T, LI T, WANG N W, et al. Analysis of joint group in excavation roadway and optimization of blasting parameters [J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2021, 41(4): 24–28. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2021.04.006.
[7]	李祥龙, 张志平, 王建国, 等. 双空孔间距对爆破槽腔断面大小的影响 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2022, 42(11): 115201. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2021-0471. LI X L, ZHANG Z P, WANG J G, et al. Influence of double empty hole spacing on section size of blasting chamber [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2022, 42(11): 115201. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2021-0471.
[8]	陶子豪, 李祥龙, 胡启文, 等. 掏槽爆破成腔空孔效应数值模拟研究与分析 [J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(12): 4246–4258. DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0250. TAO Z H, LI X L, HU Q W, et al. Study and analysis on numerical simulation of empty hole effect induced by cutting blasting [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(12): 4246–4258. DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0250.
[9]	高轩, 尹训江, 王帅帅, 等. 铁路隧道机械化装药掏槽爆破参数的优化 [J]. 爆破器材, 2025, 54(4): 46–54,64. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8352.2025.04.008. GAO X, YIN X J, WANG S S, et al. Parameter optimization of mechanized charging cut blasting in railway tunnel construction [J]. Explosive Materials, 2025, 54(4): 46–54,64. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8352.2025.04.008.
[10]	LI X D, LIU K W, YANG J C, et al. Numerical study on the effect of in-situ stress on smoothwall blasting in deep tunnelling [J]. Underground Space, 2023, 11: 96–115. DOI: 10.1016/J.UNDSP.2022.11.003.
[11]	HE M C, GUO A P, MENG Z G, et al. Impact and explosion resistance of NPR anchor cable: Field test and numerical simulation [J]. Underground Space, 2023, 10: 76–90. DOI: 10.1016/J.UNDSP.2022.10.001.
[12]	ZHANG H, LI T C, DU Y T, et al. Theoretical and numerical investigation of deep-hole cut blasting based on cavity cutting and fragment throwing [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2021, 111: 103854. DOI: 10.1016/J.TUST.2021.103854.
[13]	王勉, 王建国, 马军, 等. 小断面巷道精确延时逐孔起爆技术 [J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(3): 240418. DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0418. WANG M, WANG J G, MA J, et al. Precise delay hole-by-hole detonation technology for small section roadway [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(3): 240418. DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0418.
[14]	何德福, 张智宇, 王凯, 等. 基于SPH粒子法的巷道掘进爆破掏槽方式对比性研究 [J]. 工程爆破, 2025, 31(4): 85–92. DOI: 10.19931/j.EB.20240208. HE D F, ZHANG Z Y, WANG K, et al. Comparative study on excavation methods of tunnel excavation blasting based on SPH particle method [J]. Engineering Blasting, 2025, 31(4): 85–92. DOI: 10.19931/j.EB.20240208.
[15]	ZHANG X, YOU S, YANG Y, et al. Cut blasting optimization using 3D laser scanning and numerical simulation [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2025, 58(2): 2549–2568. DOI: 10.1007/S00603-024-04237-2.
[16]	ZHAO J J, LI D Y, RANJITH P G, et al. Innovative cut blasting method for rock excavation at depth based on numerical simulation and field tests [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2025, 155: 106211. DOI: 10.1016/J.TUST.2024.106211.
[17]	ZHANG X T, WANG F Z, BAI Z Y, et al. Numerical simulation on medium-deep hole straight cut blasting based on the principle of segmented charging [J]. Symmetry, 2024, 16(11): 1536. DOI: 10.3390/sym16111536.
[18]	CHENG B, WANG Q, WANG H B, et al. Research on the mechanism and application of wedge cutting blasting with hole-inner delay [J]. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14(1): 11383. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62318-2.
[19]	LI C X, YANG R S, WANG Y B, et al. Theory and numerical simulation of deep hole cut blasting based on dispersed charge and staged detonation [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2023, 169: 105453. DOI: 10.1016/J.IJRMMS.2023.105453.
[20]	黄宝龙. 大直径中空直眼掏槽技术在隧道救援中的应用 [J]. 爆破, 2018, 35(4): 74–77,83. DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2018.04.013. HUANG B L. Application of parallel cut blasting with large empty hole in tunnel rescue [J]. Blasting, 2018, 35(4): 74–77,83. DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2018.04.013.
[21]	WU Z Y, LUO D Y, CHEN F, et al. Numerical simulation of empty-hole effect during parallel-hole cutting under different in situ stress conditions [J]. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2021, 2021(1): 8881491. DOI: 10.1155/2021/8881491.
[22]	CHO S H, OGATA Y, KANEKO K. Strain-rate dependency of the dynamic tensile strength of rock [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2003, 40(5): 763–777. DOI: 10.1016/S1365-1609(03)00072-8.
[23]	范勇, 吴进高, 冷振东, 等. 爆破漏斗岩石破碎块度实验与仿真 [J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2023, 42(9): 2125–2139. DOI: 10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2022.0869. FAN Y, WU J G, LENG Z D, et al. Experiment and simulation of rock fragmentation size of blasting crater [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2023, 42(9): 2125–2139. DOI: 10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2022.0869.
[24]	林大能. 平巷掏槽爆破空孔尺寸效应及围岩频繁震动损伤累积特性研究 [D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2006. DOI: 10.7666/d.y1190361. LIN D N. Research on size effect of empty hole in horizontal roadway cut blasting & accumulating characteristic of surrounding rock damage caused by frequently blasting vibration [D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2006. DOI: 10.7666/d.y1190361.
[25]	李旭东. 地应力作用下控制爆破裂纹扩展及围岩损伤研究 [D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2024. DOI: 10.27661/d.cnki.gzhnu.2024.000434. LI X D. Study on rock fracturing and surrounding rock damage under combined controlled blasting and in-situ stress [D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2024. DOI: 10.27661/d.cnki.gzhnu.2024.000434.
[26]	王杰. 深孔爆破掘进天井参数优化与应用 [D]. 唐山: 华北理工大学, 2022. DOI: 10.27108/d.cnki.ghelu.2022.000238. WANG J. Optimisation and Application of Deep Hole Blasttrenching Patio Parameters [D]. Tangshan: North China University of Science and Technology, 2022. DOI: 10.27108/d.cnki.ghelu.2022.000238.
[27]	韩震宇. 动态荷载作用下岩石裂纹三维扩展特征与机理研究 [D]. 南京: 东南大学, 2024. DOI: 10.27014/d.cnki.gdnau.2024.001091. HAN Z Y. Study on the three-dimensional crack propagation characteristics and mechanisms of rocks under dynamic loads [D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2024. DOI: 10.27014/d.cnki.gdnau.2024.001091.
[28]	汪腾, 郑光, 郑宇轩, 等. 基于不同本构模型下的白砂岩动态力学性能仿真分析与实验验证 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2025, 45(12): 123104. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0436. WANG T, ZHENG G, ZHENG Y X, et al. Simulation analysis and experimental verification of dynamic mechanical properties of white sandstone based on different constitutive models [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2025, 45(12): 123104. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0436.
[29]	李洪超, 张继, 王富旗, 等. 花岗岩RHT模型部分参数确定研究 [J]. 材料导报, 2024, 38(S2): 24100110. LI H C, ZHANG J, WANG F Q, et al. Partial parameter determination of granite RHT model [J]. Materials Reports, 2024, 38(S2): 24100110.
[30]	FARAG G, CHINNAYYA A. On the Jones‐Wilkins‐Lee equation of state for high explosive products [J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2024, 49(3): e202300223. DOI: 10.1002/PREP.202300223.
[31]	XIE L X, LU W B, ZHANG Q B, et al. Analysis of damage mechanisms and optimization of cut blasting design under high in-situ stresses [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2017, 66: 19–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2017.03.009.
[32]	缪玉松, 郭建, 陈翔, 等. 矿用条形药包轴向爆轰波碰撞聚能特性研究 [J]. 金属矿山, 2022(7): 113–119. DOI: 10.19614/j.cnki.jsks.202207015. MIAO Y S, GUO J, CHEN X, et al. Study on propagation characteristics of axial detonation wave of mining linear charges [J]. Metal Mine, 2022(7): 113–119. DOI: 10.19614/j.cnki.jsks.202207015.