Dynamic response and failure mechanisms of a perforating string under transient pressure loading throughout the perforation process
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摘要: 针对超深井射孔作业中瞬态压力波动引发管柱及井下工具失效的工程难题，以射孔全过程压力瞬态演化模拟为基础，建立考虑爆轰压力与动态负压全过程压力演化特征的射孔管柱动力学模型。采用准噶尔盆地X1井的现场试验数据完成模型验证，计算与实测轴向加速度峰值的相对误差为8.62%，表明模型能够较好捕捉射孔初期强冲击阶段的加速度峰值与主要振荡特征。以四川盆地某超深井为例，系统分析了射孔管柱应力波的传播演化特征、加速度响应规律及其对关键工艺参数的敏感性。结果表明：爆轰压力峰值主要影响管柱的轴向压缩应力水平，而动态负压谷值降低则显著放大轴向拉伸应力；应力波在封隔器固定端反射叠加，使封隔器及其邻近连接区域成为管柱应力集中和局部损伤风险较高的关键部位。研究从载荷演化、动态响应到失效风险识别构建了较为完整的分析框架，可为射孔全过程管柱完整性评价提供理论依据。Abstract: Transient pressure fluctuations generated during perforating operations in ultra-deep wells can induce severe axial vibration, stress-wave reflection, local stress amplification, and failure of perforating strings and downhole tools. The objective was to establish a dynamic-analysis framework that represents the complete wellbore-pressure history and clarifies the respective effects of the detonation-pressure peak and the dynamic-underbalance trough on string response and failure risk. A transient pressure-evolution model was first used to reproduce the initial equilibrium, rapid detonation-induced pressure rise, pressure decline, dynamic-underbalance formation, pressure recovery, and final equilibrium stages. The calculated pressure history was then converted into the incremental axial load acting at the lower end of the string. The string below the packer was represented as a one-dimensional elastic rod with a fixed upper boundary. Initial deformation caused by gravity and pre-perforation pressure was separated from the transient incremental displacement to avoid repeated loading. The governing equation incorporated axial elasticity, inertia, and equivalent viscous damping induced by the annular fluid. An explicit finite-difference method was adopted to calculate the displacement, acceleration, axial stress, and stress-wave propagation along the string. Field measurements from Well X1 in the Junggar Basin were used for validation, and an ultra-deep well in the Sichuan Basin was analyzed to evaluate spatial response characteristics and parameter sensitivity. For well X1, the relative error between the predicted and measured peak axial accelerations was 8.62%, confirming that the model reproduced the dominant response during the initial strong-impact stage. The case analysis shows that axial stress waves attenuate during propagation but are reflected and superimposed at the fixed packer boundary, raising the local peak stress to 199.43 MPa and identifying the packer and adjacent connections as critical. When the detonation-pressure peak increased from 75 MPa to 115 MPa, maximum tensile and compressive stresses increased by 17.24% and 44.71%, respectively, and the effective compressive load approached the sinusoidal-buckling threshold. When the dynamic-underbalance trough decreased from 30 MPa to 10 MPa, the maximum tensile and compressive stresses increased by 80.73% and 53.67%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the detonation-pressure peak primarily controls compressive stress and buckling susceptibility, whereas a lower dynamic-underbalance trough primarily amplifies tensile stress and connection-failure risk. The complete pressure history is therefore essential for integrity assessment and operational optimization of perforating strings in ultra-deep wells.
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图 1 射孔测试联作现场失效图
Figure 1. Field failure diagram of perforation-testing combined operation
图 2 射孔全过程压力演化示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of pressure evolution during the whole perforation process
图 4 模型差分离散示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of finite difference discretization of the model
图 6 X2井射孔全过程压力曲线
Figure 6. Pressure history curve of well X2 during the whole perforation process
图 7 管柱不同位置处的加速度时程曲线
Figure 7. Acceleration time-history curves at different positions of the string
图 8 管柱不同位置处轴向应力时程曲线
Figure 8. Axial stress time-history curves at different positions of the string
图 9 管柱不同位置处加速度随爆轰压力峰值变化曲线
Figure 9. Acceleration at different string positions as a function of peak detonation pressure
图 10 封隔器处管柱的最大轴向应力随爆轰压力峰值的变化曲线
Figure 10. Variation curves of maximum axial stress at packer position with peak detonation pressure
图 11 管柱的有效轴力与临界屈曲载荷对比
Figure 11. Comparison between effective axial load and critical buckling loads of string
图 12 管柱不同位置处的加速度随动态负压谷值的变化曲线
Figure 12. Acceleration at different string positions as a function of dynamic underbalance pressure trough
图 13 封隔器处管柱的最大轴向应力随动态负压谷值的变化曲线
Figure 13. Variation curves of maximum axial stress at the packer position with trough value of dynamic underbalance pressure
图 14 封隔器处管柱的最大轴向应力变化云图
Figure 14. Contour plot of maximum axial stress variation at packer position
表 1 射孔管柱参数
Table 1. Perforating string parameters
外径/mm 壁厚/mm 钢级 线重/（N∙m−1） 密度/（kg∙m−3） 弹性模量/GPa 88.9 7.34 P110 148.75 7850 210 
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表 2 射孔工艺参数
Table 2. Perforating operation parameters
射孔弹装药量/g 炸药类型 相位角/（°） 孔密/m−1 射孔液密度/（kg∙m−3） 射孔液动力黏度/（Pa∙s） 45 HNS(六硝基二苯乙烯) 60 16 1000 0.01
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