Measurement and analysis of stress waves in concrete target under hypervelocity impact
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摘要: 为探究超高速撞击条件下混凝土靶内的应力波特性，建立了基于PVDF（polyvinylidene difluoride）压电应力计的应力波测试系统，研究了PVDF压电应力计的标定方法，测量了克级柱形93W钨合金弹体超高速撞击条件下混凝土靶体内的应力波形，并利用数值模拟方法分析了应力波的产生和传播机制。结果表明：PVDF压电应力计的动态灵敏度系数为(17.5±0.5) pC/N；信噪比高的超高速撞击条件下实验测量的混凝土靶内的应力波形与数值模拟结果吻合较好，模拟和实验获得的应力波峰值的最大偏差不超过20%。Abstract: To investigate the stress wave characteristics within concrete targets under hypervelocity impact, a stress wave testing system based on polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric stress gauges was established. A calibration method for PVDF piezoelectric stress gauges was proposed and conducted. The stress waveforms within concrete targets impacted by kilogram-scale cylindrical 93W tungsten alloy projectiles at hypervelocity were measured, and the generation and propagation mechanisms of stress waves were analyzed using numerical simulation methods. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) the dynamic characteristic parameters of the PVDF piezoelectric stress gauge were calibrated to yield a dynamic sensitivity coefficient of (17.5±0.5) pC/N for the PVDF piezoelectric stress gauge; (2) high signal-to-noise ratio stress waveforms within the concrete target under hypervelocity impact conditions were obtained using the PVDF piezoelectric stress gauge; (3) the stress waveforms obtained from numerical simulation were in good agreement with the experimentally measured waveforms where the maximum deviation of the stress wave peak values between simulation and experimental results is less than 20%, providing a useful tool for mechanism exploration; (4) the characteristics of stress waves within the concrete target and the mechanisms of generation and attenuation were further explored using numerical simulation methods.
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Key words:
- hypervelocity impact /
- stress wave /
- PVDF /
- tungsten alloy projectile /
- concrete target /
- two-stage light gas gun
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图 2 93W钨合金柱形弹和混凝土靶
Figure 2. 93W tungsten alloy cylindrical projectiles and concrete targets
图 4 靶体中PVDF压电应力计的埋设示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of PVDF piezoelectric pressure sensors embedded in target
图 5 靶体中PVDF压电应力计的埋设实物图
Figure 5. Physical diagram of PVDF piezoelectric stress sensor embedded in target
图 7 不同工况下PVDF压电应力计的电荷-应力曲线
Figure 7. Charge-stress curves of PVDF piezoelectric stress sensor under different working conditions
图 8 重复加载时PVDF压电应力计的电荷-应力曲线
Figure 8. Charge-stress curve of PVDF piezoelectric stress sensor under repeated loading
图 9 PVDF压电应力计的动态标定曲线
Figure 9. Dynamic calibration curve of PVDF piezoelectric stress sensor
图 10 PVDF压电应力计的测试信号与透射波的 应变信号的对比
Figure 10. Comparison between the test signal of the PVDF piezoelectric stress sensor and the strain signal of the transmitted wave
图 11 弹速为3.08 km/s时数值模拟得到的应力波形与实验结果的对比
Figure 11. Comparison of stress waveforms obtained by numerical simulation and experiment at the impact velocity of 3.08 km/s
图 12 模拟得到的弹体尾部速度、界面速度、界面应力、侵彻深度随时间的变化曲线（v0=3 km/s）
Figure 12. Simulated curves of projectile tail velocity, interface velocity, interface stress and penetration depth with time (v0=3 km/s)
图 15 距靶体表面0～40 mm处的传感器测得的应力波形
Figure 15. Stress waveforms measured by the sensors 0−40 mm away from the surface of the target
图 16 距靶体表面40～130 mm处传感器测得的应力波形
Figure 16. Stress waveforms measured by the sensors 40−130 mm away from the surface of the target
图 17 不同时刻靶体内的应力波云图（v0=3 km/s）
Figure 17. Stress wave contours in the target at different times (v0=3 km/s)
图 18 模拟得到的弹靶界面应力和传感器位置处的应力（v0=3 km/s）
Figure 18. Simulated stresses at the projectile target interface and at the sensor position（v0=3 km/s）
图 19 钨合金长杆弹超高速撞击金属靶的数值模型和传感器布置
Figure 19. Numerical simulation model and sensor arrangement for the tungsten alloy projectile penetrating into the metal target
图 20 模拟得到的弹靶界面应力和传感器位置处的应力（钨合金长杆弹）
Figure 20. Simulated stresses at the projectile target interface and at the sensor position (tungsten alloy long-rod projectile)
表 1 弹速为3.08 km/s时数值模拟得到的 应力峰值与实验结果的对比
Table 1. Comparison of stress wave peaks obtained by numerical simulation and experiment at the impact velocity of 3.08 km/s
传感器 应力峰值/MPa 误差/% 实验 模拟 P1 175.1 196 11.94 P2 64.1 75.6 17.94 P3 34.5 39.5 14.49 
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