Effects of discharge state on mechanical responses and failure behaviors of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse conditions
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摘要: 为厘清放电状态对锂离子电池动态力学响应和失效模式的影响规律，系统地开展了锂离子电池在不同放电状态下的准静态压缩特性及其安全性的实验分析。通过预设电池至特定的放电电量，并在放电过程中、放电后静置1小时及24小时的时间节点上实施压缩测试，深入探究了电池的力-位移响应特性、最大承载力及安全性表现。实验结果显示，相较于其他状态，放电状态下的电池展现出较低的力-位移曲线，表明其刚度在静置之后相比于放电过程中有所提升。此外，放电状态下的电池展现出显著高于静置后状态的最大承载力，且放电过程中的压缩测试更容易电池发生爆炸，而静置后的电池则表现出显著提升的安全性。借助扫描电子显微镜分析，进一步确认了放电状态下电池内部电极颗粒的破损程度更剧烈，观测到的现象被归因于放电过程中产生的扩散诱导应力，该应力在电池内部累积，加剧了电池在机械压缩下的损伤风险。Abstract: This investigation seeks to elucidate the impact of various discharge states on the dynamic mechanical responses and failure mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries through a comprehensive experimental study. Employing quasi-static compression tests, the research systematically analyzes the compression characteristics and safety performance of lithium-ion batteries preset to specific discharge levels. These tests were conducted at critical junctures: during discharge, following a 1-hour rest period, and after a 24-hour rest period. This methodology enabled a detailed examination of the force-displacement response characteristics, ultimate load-bearing capacity, and overall safety behaviors under varying electrochemical states. The experimental findings indicate that batteries in a discharged state exhibit lower force-displacement curves, suggesting a decrease in structural stiffness attributable to the electro-chemical reaction inside the battery during the discharge process. Notably, these batteries demonstrated a higher maximum load-bearing capacity compared to those tested after rest periods. Additionally, batteries undergoing compression tests in the midst of discharge were more susceptible to catastrophic failures, such as explosions, whereas those allowed to rest showed significantly enhanced safety characteristics. Further microscopic analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provided insights into the internal structural changes, revealing extensive damage to electrode particles in batteries tested in the discharged state compared to those tested post-rest. The observed damage and increased risk of mechanical failure are primarily attributed to diffusive stresses generated during the discharge process, which accumulate and intensify the vulnerability of the battery structure under mechanical loads. This study contributes valuable experimental evidence and theoretical insights that are crucial for advancing the understanding of the mechanical integrity and safety of lithium-ion batteries under operational stresses. The findings underscore the importance of considering discharge states in the safety design and evaluation of lithium-ion batteries, potentially leading to enhanced durability and safer application in practical scenarios.
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Key words:
- discharge state /
- battery safety /
- compression testing /
- force-displacement curve /
- diffusive stress
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图 4 放电后受机械滥用得到的反作用力和电压随位移的变化
Figure 4. Variation of reaction force and voltage with displacement under mechanical abuse after discharging
图 5 放电后静置1 h受机械滥用得到的反作用力和电压随位移的变化
Figure 5. Variation of reaction force and voltage with displacement under mechanical abuse after 1 h rest
图 6 放电后静置24 h受机械滥用得到的反作用力和电压随位移的变化
Figure 6. Variation of reaction force and voltage with displacement under mechanical abuse after 24 h rest
图 7 静置不同时间反作用力-位移随放电深度的变化曲线
Figure 7. Curves of reaction force-displacement varying with depth of discharge after different resting times
图 8 不同放电状态反作用力-位移随静置时间的变化曲线
Figure 8. Curves of reaction force-displacement varying with resting time under different discharge states
图 9 放电至2.90 V后静置不同时间的拟合结果
Figure 9. Fitting results for different resting times after discharging to 2.90 V
图 10 电池刚度参数随着放电深度和静置时间的变化
Figure 10. Variation of battery stiffness parameters with depth of discharge and resting time
图 11 不同放电程度和静置时间受压缩中最大反作用力
Figure 11. Maximum reaction force during compression under varying degrees of electric discharge and resting times
图 12 电池内部锂离子浓度差和扩散应力示意图
Figure 12. Schematic diagrams of lithium ion concentration difference and diffusion stress inside batteries
图 13 不同条件下机械滥用测试回收的正极颗粒SEM图
Figure 13. SEM images of cathode particles obtained by mechanical abuse testing under different conditions
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