Effects of discharge state on mechanical responses and failure behaviors of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse conditions
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摘要: 为厘清放电状态对锂离子电池动态力学响应和失效模式的影响规律，系统地开展了锂离子电池在不同放电状态下的准静态压缩特性及其安全性的实验分析。通过预设电池至特定的放电电量，并在放电过程中、放电后静置1和24 h的时间节点上实施压缩测试，深入探究了电池的力-位移响应特性、最大承载力及安全性表现。实验结果显示，相较于其他状态，放电状态下的电池展现出较低的力-位移曲线，表明其刚度在静置之后相比于放电过程中有所提升。此外，放电状态下的电池展现出显著高于静置后状态的最大承载力，且在放电过程中进行压缩测试更容易使电池发生爆炸，而静置后的电池则表现出显著提升的安全性。借助扫描电子显微镜分析，进一步确认了放电状态下电池内部电极颗粒的破损程度更剧烈，观测到的现象被归因于放电过程中产生的扩散诱导应力，该应力在电池内部累积，加剧了电池在机械压缩下的损伤风险。Abstract: To clarify the influence of the discharge state on the dynamic mechanical response and failure mode of lithium-ion batteries, an experimental analysis of the quasi-static compression characteristics and safety performance of lithium-ion batteries under different discharge states was systematically conducted. By presetting the battery to a specific discharge capacity and conducting compression tests at the time nodes of 1 and 24 h after standing during and after the discharge process, the force-displacement response characteristics, maximum load-bearing capacity and safety performance of the battery were thoroughly explored under varying electrochemical states. The experimental results show that, compared with other states, the battery in the discharge state exhibits a lower force-displacement curve, indicating that its stiffness increases after standing compared with that during the discharge process and this decrease is attributed to the electro-chemical reaction inside the battery during the discharge process. In addition, the battery in the discharge state shows a significantly higher maximum load-bearing capacity than that in the standing state after discharge, and the compression test during the discharge process is more likely to cause the battery to explode, while the battery after standing shows a significantly improved safety. The analysis using scanning electron microscope (SEM) further indicates that the damage degree of the internal electrode particles of the battery in the discharge state is more severe. The observed damage and increased risk of mechanical failure are primarily attributed to the diffusion-induced stress generated during the discharge process, which accumulate and intensify the vulnerability of the battery structure under mechanical compression. This study contributes valuable experimental evidence and theoretical insights that are crucial for advancing the understanding of the mechanical integrity and safety of lithium-ion batteries under operational stresses. The findings underscore the importance of considering discharge states in the safety design and evaluation of lithium-ion batteries, potentially leading to enhanced durability and safer application in practical scenarios.
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图 4 放电后受机械滥用得到的反作用力和电压随位移的变化
Figure 4. Variation of reaction force and voltage with displacement under mechanical abuse after discharging
图 5 放电后静置1 h受机械滥用得到的反作用力和电压随位移的变化
Figure 5. Variation of reaction force and voltage with displacement under mechanical abuse after 1 h rest
图 6 放电后静置24 h受机械滥用得到的反作用力和电压随位移的变化
Figure 6. Variation of reaction force and voltage with displacement under mechanical abuse after 24 h rest
图 7 静置不同时间反作用力-位移随放电深度的变化曲线
Figure 7. Curves of reaction force-displacement varying with depth of discharge after different resting times
图 8 不同放电状态下反作用力-位移随静置时间的变化曲线
Figure 8. Curves of reaction force-displacement varying with resting time under different discharge states
图 9 放电至2.90 V后静置不同时间的拟合结果
Figure 9. Fitting results for different resting times after discharging to 2.90 V
图 10 电池刚度参数随着放电深度和静置时间的变化
Figure 10. Variation of battery stiffness parameters with depth of discharge and resting time
图 11 不同放电程度和静置时间受压缩中的最大反作用力
Figure 11. The maximum reaction force during compression varying with electric discharge degree and resting time
图 12 电池内部锂离子浓度差和扩散应力示意图
Figure 12. Schematic diagrams of lithium ion concentration difference and diffusion stress inside batteries
图 13 不同条件下机械滥用测试回收的正极颗粒SEM图像
Figure 13. SEM images of cathode particles obtained by mechanical abuse testing under different conditions
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