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2026,
46(10):
101001.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0133
Abstract:
In order to quantitatively evaluate the overload stability of charge with defects, by adjusting the material and thickness of the waveform modulator, the waveform, amplitude, and pulse width of the loading signal were precisely controlled, based on the overload environmental force experimental device, the eigenvalues of charge load with different defects were measured, which can take into account the high overload pressure and wide pulse at the same time. The response degree of the charges under investigation was quantitatively characterized based on the burn marks, damage level, and mechanical fitting performance of the witness plates, grayscale numerical processing was applied to the surface images of the recovered witness plates after testing, the influence of the experimental system on the eigenvalues of charge load was quantified, and the correlation mechanism between charge response behavior and image grayscale was established. Based on clustering analysis, the primary stimulating factors affecting the stability of the charges, including defect diameter, flyer thickness, and the material and thickness of the waveform modulator, were classified, the corresponding conversion factors of the test device were introduced, the evaluation model of overload stability of defective charge was constructed, and the response critical pressure thresholds of different defective charges were predicted. The results indicate that the overload peak value greater than 1 GPa and high-impact pulse width greater than 100 μs can be achieved. With the increase of defect diameter, the response level of loading response increases significantly. The critical pressure of combustion reaction decreases from 0.71 GPa to 0.26 GPa with the increase of charge defect diameter from 0 mm to 12 mm. When the defect diameter of the charge reaches 10 mm, the critical pressure of deflagration reaction is 1.56 GPa. With the increase of defect diameter, the critical pressure of deflagration reaction decreases to 1.25 GPa when the defect is\begin{document}$\varnothing $\end{document}
In order to quantitatively evaluate the overload stability of charge with defects, by adjusting the material and thickness of the waveform modulator, the waveform, amplitude, and pulse width of the loading signal were precisely controlled, based on the overload environmental force experimental device, the eigenvalues of charge load with different defects were measured, which can take into account the high overload pressure and wide pulse at the same time. The response degree of the charges under investigation was quantitatively characterized based on the burn marks, damage level, and mechanical fitting performance of the witness plates, grayscale numerical processing was applied to the surface images of the recovered witness plates after testing, the influence of the experimental system on the eigenvalues of charge load was quantified, and the correlation mechanism between charge response behavior and image grayscale was established. Based on clustering analysis, the primary stimulating factors affecting the stability of the charges, including defect diameter, flyer thickness, and the material and thickness of the waveform modulator, were classified, the corresponding conversion factors of the test device were introduced, the evaluation model of overload stability of defective charge was constructed, and the response critical pressure thresholds of different defective charges were predicted. The results indicate that the overload peak value greater than 1 GPa and high-impact pulse width greater than 100 μs can be achieved. With the increase of defect diameter, the response level of loading response increases significantly. The critical pressure of combustion reaction decreases from 0.71 GPa to 0.26 GPa with the increase of charge defect diameter from 0 mm to 12 mm. When the defect diameter of the charge reaches 10 mm, the critical pressure of deflagration reaction is 1.56 GPa. With the increase of defect diameter, the critical pressure of deflagration reaction decreases to 1.25 GPa when the defect is
2026,
46(10):
101101.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0352
Abstract:
During service, numerous structural metals in nuclear reactors are subjected to high-energy particle irradiation under prestressed conditions and may also experience unpredictable impact loads. These conditions can lead to significant degradation of the mechanical properties of structural metals, including irradiation hardening, irradiation embrittlement, irradiation swelling, and irradiation creep, thereby reducing reactor safety and reliability. However, existing studies have predominantly focused on the effects of either irradiation or impact loading on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of metals. A limited number of studies have investigated the degradation behavior of irradiated metals under dynamic loading, whereas the coupled effect of prestress, which is a typical reactor service condition, has been considered even less frequently. The current status of experimental research on the hardening and embrittlement behavior and underlying micromechanisms of metals subjected to the coupled effects of irradiation, prestress, and impact loading is reviewed and summarized. Shortcomings and major challenges in current research are identified, and perspectives and recommendations are proposed regarding the key scientific issues requiring further attention and the critical technological bottlenecks that must be overcome in future studies. Specifically, the following issues should be addressed: (1) the necessity and sufficiency of the causal relationship between dislocation channels and irradiation-induced hardening and embrittlement mechanisms require thorough investigation; (2) equivalent dose-rate assessment methods for metal hardening and embrittlement induced by different irradiation particle sources need to be strengthened; (3) the hardening and embrittlement mechanisms of structural metals in nuclear reactors under prestress and neutron irradiation conditions require further investigation; and (4) research on the impact behavior of prestressed and neutron-irradiated metals urgently needs to be initiated, while safe and efficient experimental techniques for characterizing the dynamic properties of neutron-irradiated metals must be developed immediately. This review is expected to provide a scientific basis and research methodology for future investigations into the hardening and embrittlement behavior and mechanisms of metals under irradiation-prestress conditions, as required in major national projects such as nuclear reactor life extension and the development of advanced reactors.
During service, numerous structural metals in nuclear reactors are subjected to high-energy particle irradiation under prestressed conditions and may also experience unpredictable impact loads. These conditions can lead to significant degradation of the mechanical properties of structural metals, including irradiation hardening, irradiation embrittlement, irradiation swelling, and irradiation creep, thereby reducing reactor safety and reliability. However, existing studies have predominantly focused on the effects of either irradiation or impact loading on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of metals. A limited number of studies have investigated the degradation behavior of irradiated metals under dynamic loading, whereas the coupled effect of prestress, which is a typical reactor service condition, has been considered even less frequently. The current status of experimental research on the hardening and embrittlement behavior and underlying micromechanisms of metals subjected to the coupled effects of irradiation, prestress, and impact loading is reviewed and summarized. Shortcomings and major challenges in current research are identified, and perspectives and recommendations are proposed regarding the key scientific issues requiring further attention and the critical technological bottlenecks that must be overcome in future studies. Specifically, the following issues should be addressed: (1) the necessity and sufficiency of the causal relationship between dislocation channels and irradiation-induced hardening and embrittlement mechanisms require thorough investigation; (2) equivalent dose-rate assessment methods for metal hardening and embrittlement induced by different irradiation particle sources need to be strengthened; (3) the hardening and embrittlement mechanisms of structural metals in nuclear reactors under prestress and neutron irradiation conditions require further investigation; and (4) research on the impact behavior of prestressed and neutron-irradiated metals urgently needs to be initiated, while safe and efficient experimental techniques for characterizing the dynamic properties of neutron-irradiated metals must be developed immediately. This review is expected to provide a scientific basis and research methodology for future investigations into the hardening and embrittlement behavior and mechanisms of metals under irradiation-prestress conditions, as required in major national projects such as nuclear reactor life extension and the development of advanced reactors.
2026,
46(10):
101501.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0327
Abstract:
Through spatial arrangement of different microstructures, well-designed hybrid lattice structures exhibit enhanced mechanical properties compared with uniform lattice structures composed of a single unit cell, thereby serving as a promising strategy for lightweight lattice structure design. However, current microstructure design approaches for hybrid lattices primarily focus on improving quasi-static compressive mechanical performance. In reality, engineering protection often involves complex dynamic impact environments rather than simple quasi-static loads. However, research on the microstructural design of hybrid lattices under high strain rate impact loading remains limited. This is due to the significant influence of inertial effects on dynamic structural mechanical response, which complicates multi-objective optimization. A fourth-order hybrid orthogonal isotropic lattice structure was constructed using two types of rhombic dodecahedron (RD) unit cells with different relative densities. A bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) network was employed to develop a predictive model that expanded the dataset of stress-strain curves obtained from finite element simulations. The reliability of the model’s predictions was validated through multi-dimensional evaluation metrics based on the predicted stress points along the stress–strain curves. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the predicted results reached 0.971 and 0.990 under dynamic and quasi-static compression, respectively. Specific energy absorption (SEA) was adopted as an indicator for evaluating energy absorption capacity based on the accurately predicted stress-strain curves. The structural effects on the energy absorption behavior of the hybrid lattice were analyzed under quasi-static planar compression. By increasing the compression speed to 100 m/s to simulate high strain rate conditions, the role of inertial effects on the dynamic mechanical response was investigated through comparative analysis. Furthermore, the competition and synergy between inertial effects and structural effects were systematically analyzed by categorizing the hybrid lattices according to the degree of unit cell mixing. The results indicate that inertial effects become dominant under high strain rate loading, while structural effects govern the response under quasi-static conditions. By using machine learning to efficiently expand the data scale of finite element simulations, the internal relationships among inertial effects, unit cell proportion, and spatial arrangement under high strain rate conditions were revealed. The findings provide valuable insights for the application of hybrid lattice structures in impact protection and related engineering fields.
Through spatial arrangement of different microstructures, well-designed hybrid lattice structures exhibit enhanced mechanical properties compared with uniform lattice structures composed of a single unit cell, thereby serving as a promising strategy for lightweight lattice structure design. However, current microstructure design approaches for hybrid lattices primarily focus on improving quasi-static compressive mechanical performance. In reality, engineering protection often involves complex dynamic impact environments rather than simple quasi-static loads. However, research on the microstructural design of hybrid lattices under high strain rate impact loading remains limited. This is due to the significant influence of inertial effects on dynamic structural mechanical response, which complicates multi-objective optimization. A fourth-order hybrid orthogonal isotropic lattice structure was constructed using two types of rhombic dodecahedron (RD) unit cells with different relative densities. A bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) network was employed to develop a predictive model that expanded the dataset of stress-strain curves obtained from finite element simulations. The reliability of the model’s predictions was validated through multi-dimensional evaluation metrics based on the predicted stress points along the stress–strain curves. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the predicted results reached 0.971 and 0.990 under dynamic and quasi-static compression, respectively. Specific energy absorption (SEA) was adopted as an indicator for evaluating energy absorption capacity based on the accurately predicted stress-strain curves. The structural effects on the energy absorption behavior of the hybrid lattice were analyzed under quasi-static planar compression. By increasing the compression speed to 100 m/s to simulate high strain rate conditions, the role of inertial effects on the dynamic mechanical response was investigated through comparative analysis. Furthermore, the competition and synergy between inertial effects and structural effects were systematically analyzed by categorizing the hybrid lattices according to the degree of unit cell mixing. The results indicate that inertial effects become dominant under high strain rate loading, while structural effects govern the response under quasi-static conditions. By using machine learning to efficiently expand the data scale of finite element simulations, the internal relationships among inertial effects, unit cell proportion, and spatial arrangement under high strain rate conditions were revealed. The findings provide valuable insights for the application of hybrid lattice structures in impact protection and related engineering fields.
2026,
46(10):
102201.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0358
Abstract:
Pathological detonation is a non-ideal detonation that cannot effectively support the propagation of detonation waves due to other physical or chemical factors offsetting part of the chemical heat release. It is common in the practical processes, and the study on propagation stability of the detonation is of great significance. A single-step global reaction model was adopted to analyze the propagation stability of pathological detonation waves. Reduction of the reactant molar quantity decreased the overall system volume, introducing a negative-work effect that enables the pathological detonation regime. The process was numerically simulated using the one-dimensional reactive Euler equations, which couples chemical energy release with flow-field dynamics. A high-order finite difference method combined with a high-resolution flux-splitting scheme ensured accurate resolution of shock fronts and detailed reaction-zone structures. Parametric variations in piston-driven speed and activation energy were introduced to represent the effects of external mechanical forcing and intrinsic chemical reactivity, respectively. Comparative analyses of temporal evolution across parameter sets revealed the coupling mechanism between piston-driven flow dynamics and chemical kinetics. Further examination of the spatiotemporal distributions of temperature, pressure, and reactant mass fraction elucidated the link between detonation stability and the internal structural evolution of the reaction zone. The effects of piston-driven speed and activation energy on the stability of pathological detonation wave are systematically investigated, and the relationship between the stability of detonation wave and the reaction zone structure is analyzed. The results show that the pathological detonation is more unstable than the ideal detonation wave under the same reaction exothermic conditions. The increase of piston-driven speed is beneficial to the stability of the pathological detonation wave, while the increase of activation energy can lead to the instability of the pathological detonation wave. The high-frequency and low-amplitude oscillation of overdriven pathological detonation has little change in the structure of the reaction zone; the low-frequency and low-amplitude oscillation of detonation wave under the condition of strong solution is caused by the alternation of two configurations of strong solution in the reaction zone. The low-frequency and high-amplitude oscillation characteristics of overdriven pathological detonation are characterized by the alternating occurrence of reaction zone structures such as weak solution, strong solution and overdriven solution.
Pathological detonation is a non-ideal detonation that cannot effectively support the propagation of detonation waves due to other physical or chemical factors offsetting part of the chemical heat release. It is common in the practical processes, and the study on propagation stability of the detonation is of great significance. A single-step global reaction model was adopted to analyze the propagation stability of pathological detonation waves. Reduction of the reactant molar quantity decreased the overall system volume, introducing a negative-work effect that enables the pathological detonation regime. The process was numerically simulated using the one-dimensional reactive Euler equations, which couples chemical energy release with flow-field dynamics. A high-order finite difference method combined with a high-resolution flux-splitting scheme ensured accurate resolution of shock fronts and detailed reaction-zone structures. Parametric variations in piston-driven speed and activation energy were introduced to represent the effects of external mechanical forcing and intrinsic chemical reactivity, respectively. Comparative analyses of temporal evolution across parameter sets revealed the coupling mechanism between piston-driven flow dynamics and chemical kinetics. Further examination of the spatiotemporal distributions of temperature, pressure, and reactant mass fraction elucidated the link between detonation stability and the internal structural evolution of the reaction zone. The effects of piston-driven speed and activation energy on the stability of pathological detonation wave are systematically investigated, and the relationship between the stability of detonation wave and the reaction zone structure is analyzed. The results show that the pathological detonation is more unstable than the ideal detonation wave under the same reaction exothermic conditions. The increase of piston-driven speed is beneficial to the stability of the pathological detonation wave, while the increase of activation energy can lead to the instability of the pathological detonation wave. The high-frequency and low-amplitude oscillation of overdriven pathological detonation has little change in the structure of the reaction zone; the low-frequency and low-amplitude oscillation of detonation wave under the condition of strong solution is caused by the alternation of two configurations of strong solution in the reaction zone. The low-frequency and high-amplitude oscillation characteristics of overdriven pathological detonation are characterized by the alternating occurrence of reaction zone structures such as weak solution, strong solution and overdriven solution.
2026,
46(10):
102301.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0336
Abstract:
To explore the feasibility of nano aluminum thermite as a detonator substitute for achieving stable detonation in mixed biomass blasting agent systems, and to clarify the differences in detonation effects relative to detonators, digital electronic detonators (S0), Al/CuO thermite (S1), and Al/Bi2O3 thermite (S2) were selected to detonate a mixed biomass blasting agent composed of wood powder and peanut shell powder (mass ratio 1∶1). Based on theoretical analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation were conducted for the total energy release and energy release power of different detonation methods to estimate detonation performance. Industrial explosive performance testing methods-including aluminum thermite detonation test, orthogonal tests of detonation velocity and intensity, underwater explosion tests, and blasting funnel tests-were used to systematically test and compare the detonation response characteristics of the mixed biomass blasting agent under different detonation conditions. The evolutionary laws of the explosive performance were explored from perspectives of impact effect, energy release intensity, and spatial damage effect. Results indicate that detonators and thermites belong to two distinct energy release power level systems: detonators enable instantaneous power output in the MW range, while thermites only reach the kW range. Aluminum thermite detonation is a typical high-temperature explosive energy release process with high energy density, which can achieve effective energy coupling under limited constraints and possesses reliable detonation capability. Oxygen pressure is the dominant factor affecting detonation velocity and intensity, followed by steel pipe wall thickness. The impact of detonation methods is relatively weak, and detonation methods are substitutable. Synergistic enhancement of detonation velocity and intensity can be achieved by increasing oxygen pressure and optimizing constraint conditions. The excitation efficiency of the three detonation methods follows a consistent ranking: S0 is the strongest, S2 ranks second, and S1 is slightly weaker. This ranking has been verified by shock wave parameters and crater volumes (0.33, 0.24, 0.21 m3). This research provides experimental support for the optimization and application of biomass blasting technology.
To explore the feasibility of nano aluminum thermite as a detonator substitute for achieving stable detonation in mixed biomass blasting agent systems, and to clarify the differences in detonation effects relative to detonators, digital electronic detonators (S0), Al/CuO thermite (S1), and Al/Bi2O3 thermite (S2) were selected to detonate a mixed biomass blasting agent composed of wood powder and peanut shell powder (mass ratio 1∶1). Based on theoretical analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation were conducted for the total energy release and energy release power of different detonation methods to estimate detonation performance. Industrial explosive performance testing methods-including aluminum thermite detonation test, orthogonal tests of detonation velocity and intensity, underwater explosion tests, and blasting funnel tests-were used to systematically test and compare the detonation response characteristics of the mixed biomass blasting agent under different detonation conditions. The evolutionary laws of the explosive performance were explored from perspectives of impact effect, energy release intensity, and spatial damage effect. Results indicate that detonators and thermites belong to two distinct energy release power level systems: detonators enable instantaneous power output in the MW range, while thermites only reach the kW range. Aluminum thermite detonation is a typical high-temperature explosive energy release process with high energy density, which can achieve effective energy coupling under limited constraints and possesses reliable detonation capability. Oxygen pressure is the dominant factor affecting detonation velocity and intensity, followed by steel pipe wall thickness. The impact of detonation methods is relatively weak, and detonation methods are substitutable. Synergistic enhancement of detonation velocity and intensity can be achieved by increasing oxygen pressure and optimizing constraint conditions. The excitation efficiency of the three detonation methods follows a consistent ranking: S0 is the strongest, S2 ranks second, and S1 is slightly weaker. This ranking has been verified by shock wave parameters and crater volumes (0.33, 0.24, 0.21 m3). This research provides experimental support for the optimization and application of biomass blasting technology.
2026,
46(10):
103101.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0351
Abstract:
Ti/steel clad plates are considered as ideal candidate materials for applications such as marine engineering and low-temperature pressure vessels operating at −70 ℃. However, their large-scale production and application are severely restricted by the manufacturing process and the quality of interfacial bonding. To investigate the influence mechanism of vacuum pressure on interfacial morphology and mechanical properties, TC4/09MnNiDR (Ti/steel) clad plates were fabricated using explosive welding under ambient pressures of 20, 60, and 100 kPa, and the fabricated clad plates were named as CP-20, CP-60 and CP-100, respectively. A specially designed vacuum chamber was employed to precisely control the environmental pressure during the explosive process. After welding, all specimens were subjected to a uniform stress-relief annealing treatment at 550 ℃ for 2 h under a vacuum atmosphere to eliminate residual stresses and improve the reliability of subsequent characterization. The interfacial microstructure and chemical characteristics were systematically analyzed using multiple characterization techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe interfacial morphology, including wave formation and defect distribution. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was applied to examine elemental distribution across the bonding interface. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was employed to evaluate grain structure, grain boundary characteristics, recrystallization fraction, and texture evolution near the interface. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was conducted to quantitatively determine the chemical composition of the interfacial melting zone and vortex regions, with both mapping and point analyses performed to identify the constituent phases. Mechanical properties at −70 ℃ were evaluated through tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, and three-point bending tests, all carried out in accordance with relevant national standards, with the results reported as mean values ± standard deviations. Results show that the vacuum environment significantly improves interfacial quality. With increasing vacuum degree, the interfacial wave becomes finer, more continuous, and more uniform, while the thickness of the molten layer decreases, and the presence of defects and brittle intermetallic compounds is reduced. EBSD analysis reveals grain refinement and an increased recrystallization fraction at the interface under vacuum conditions, demonstrating that the interfacial microstructure can be effectively controlled by adjusting the ambient pressure. EPMA further reveals that the vortex regions are mainly composed of Fe and Ti elements, while the weld seam region exhibits a stable chemical composition with Ti-to-Fe atom number ratios close to 1∶1 or 2∶1, indicating that the dominant intermetallic phases formed at the interface are TiFe and TiFe2. Benefiting from the optimized interfacial structure, the clad plates exhibit excellent mechanical properties at −70 ℃. The tensile strengths of the CP-20, CP-60 and CP-100 are 880, 911, and 867 MPa, respectively. The impact absorbed energies are 17.5, 10.2, and 6.4 J, respectively. And the flexural strengths are1469 , 1350 , and 1167 MPa, respectively. This study demonstrates that vacuum explosive welding is a reliable technique for producing high-performance low-temperature metal composites, with 60 kPa identified as the optimal processing window.
Ti/steel clad plates are considered as ideal candidate materials for applications such as marine engineering and low-temperature pressure vessels operating at −70 ℃. However, their large-scale production and application are severely restricted by the manufacturing process and the quality of interfacial bonding. To investigate the influence mechanism of vacuum pressure on interfacial morphology and mechanical properties, TC4/09MnNiDR (Ti/steel) clad plates were fabricated using explosive welding under ambient pressures of 20, 60, and 100 kPa, and the fabricated clad plates were named as CP-20, CP-60 and CP-100, respectively. A specially designed vacuum chamber was employed to precisely control the environmental pressure during the explosive process. After welding, all specimens were subjected to a uniform stress-relief annealing treatment at 550 ℃ for 2 h under a vacuum atmosphere to eliminate residual stresses and improve the reliability of subsequent characterization. The interfacial microstructure and chemical characteristics were systematically analyzed using multiple characterization techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe interfacial morphology, including wave formation and defect distribution. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was applied to examine elemental distribution across the bonding interface. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was employed to evaluate grain structure, grain boundary characteristics, recrystallization fraction, and texture evolution near the interface. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was conducted to quantitatively determine the chemical composition of the interfacial melting zone and vortex regions, with both mapping and point analyses performed to identify the constituent phases. Mechanical properties at −70 ℃ were evaluated through tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, and three-point bending tests, all carried out in accordance with relevant national standards, with the results reported as mean values ± standard deviations. Results show that the vacuum environment significantly improves interfacial quality. With increasing vacuum degree, the interfacial wave becomes finer, more continuous, and more uniform, while the thickness of the molten layer decreases, and the presence of defects and brittle intermetallic compounds is reduced. EBSD analysis reveals grain refinement and an increased recrystallization fraction at the interface under vacuum conditions, demonstrating that the interfacial microstructure can be effectively controlled by adjusting the ambient pressure. EPMA further reveals that the vortex regions are mainly composed of Fe and Ti elements, while the weld seam region exhibits a stable chemical composition with Ti-to-Fe atom number ratios close to 1∶1 or 2∶1, indicating that the dominant intermetallic phases formed at the interface are TiFe and TiFe2. Benefiting from the optimized interfacial structure, the clad plates exhibit excellent mechanical properties at −70 ℃. The tensile strengths of the CP-20, CP-60 and CP-100 are 880, 911, and 867 MPa, respectively. The impact absorbed energies are 17.5, 10.2, and 6.4 J, respectively. And the flexural strengths are
2026,
46(10):
103201.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0146
Abstract:
In order to investigate the propagation characteristics of P-wave in nonlinear oblique joints rock mass, a comprehensive approach integrating theoretical analysis, comparative validation and numerical calculation was employed. Initially, the hyperbolic joint constitutive model featuring normal nonlinear deformation and tangential linear deformation was presented. Based on the interaction relationship between stress waves and a linear single joint, the propagation equation for P-wave incident on oblique joints was derived according to superposition principle. Then, by using the parameters of the incident P-wave and the conditions of jointed rock mass reported in literature, the transmission and reflection coefficients were calculated and found to be in close agreement, verifying the accuracy and feasibility of the theoretical model. Furthermore, the auxiliary function of δ function was selected as the incident P-wave to analyze the influence rule of waveform, duration and joint stiffness on the propagation characteristics of P-wave in oblique joints rock mass through parameter study. The results demonstrate that the phenomenon of amplitude reduction, amplitude-time delay and duration extension is pronounced when the auxiliary function of δ function incident on oblique joints, which can better reflect the abrupt change characteristics and nonlinear attenuation behavior of P-wave in a short time. The duration of the incident P-wave in oblique joints rock mass can significantly enhance the transmission performance of P-wave and slightly reduce the reflection characteristics of P-wave and S-wave. As the initial normal stiffness and the shear stiffness of joint increase, the reflection coefficient of S-wave decays in a concave surface shape, while the transmission coefficient of P-wave increases in a convex shape. The transmission performance of P-wave is closely related to the normal stiffness of joints, whereas the reflection characteristics of S-waves are significantly influenced by the second joint in the oblique joints. These research findings offer valuable insights into the mechanical properties and dynamic response of natural jointed rock mass.
In order to investigate the propagation characteristics of P-wave in nonlinear oblique joints rock mass, a comprehensive approach integrating theoretical analysis, comparative validation and numerical calculation was employed. Initially, the hyperbolic joint constitutive model featuring normal nonlinear deformation and tangential linear deformation was presented. Based on the interaction relationship between stress waves and a linear single joint, the propagation equation for P-wave incident on oblique joints was derived according to superposition principle. Then, by using the parameters of the incident P-wave and the conditions of jointed rock mass reported in literature, the transmission and reflection coefficients were calculated and found to be in close agreement, verifying the accuracy and feasibility of the theoretical model. Furthermore, the auxiliary function of δ function was selected as the incident P-wave to analyze the influence rule of waveform, duration and joint stiffness on the propagation characteristics of P-wave in oblique joints rock mass through parameter study. The results demonstrate that the phenomenon of amplitude reduction, amplitude-time delay and duration extension is pronounced when the auxiliary function of δ function incident on oblique joints, which can better reflect the abrupt change characteristics and nonlinear attenuation behavior of P-wave in a short time. The duration of the incident P-wave in oblique joints rock mass can significantly enhance the transmission performance of P-wave and slightly reduce the reflection characteristics of P-wave and S-wave. As the initial normal stiffness and the shear stiffness of joint increase, the reflection coefficient of S-wave decays in a concave surface shape, while the transmission coefficient of P-wave increases in a convex shape. The transmission performance of P-wave is closely related to the normal stiffness of joints, whereas the reflection characteristics of S-waves are significantly influenced by the second joint in the oblique joints. These research findings offer valuable insights into the mechanical properties and dynamic response of natural jointed rock mass.
2026,
46(10):
103301.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0357
Abstract:
Because of the difficulty in obtaining granite materials and the high cost of conducting penetration tests on granite targets, an equivalence study between reinforced concrete and granite targets was carried out. To establish the equivalence relationship between the two target types, dimensional analysis and a modified compensation method were adopted, with the projectile residual velocity taken as the equivalence criterion, and a computational method for determining equivalent thickness was derived. Based on existing experimental data, numerical models for medium-velocity projectile penetration into reinforced concrete and granite targets were developed and validated using the LS-DYNA software. By varying the projectile impact velocity and target thickness in the numerical simulations, the similarities in damage characteristics between reinforced concrete and granite targets were systematically investigated, and the corresponding failure regions were classified. On the basis of the simulation results, specific equivalent design formulas for granite and reinforced concrete targets were obtained through data fitting. The results show that the established numerical models can accurately predict the projectile residual velocity and reproduce the failure characteristics of both target types during penetration. Compared with reinforced concrete, granite exhibits a smaller compaction zone and tunnel diameter, finer and longer cracks with higher propagation velocities, larger surface crack areas, and a greater tendency to form large spallation craters. Under identical penetration conditions, granite targets and reinforced concrete targets of equivalent thickness display similar failure characteristics, and both can be divided into five distinct failure regions. Through dimensional analysis and compensation correction, a dimensionless residual-velocity function for projectile penetration into reinforced concrete and granite targets was derived, together with an equivalent thickness formula relating the two materials. The fitted equivalent thickness coefficient between granite and reinforced concrete was determined to be 1.699 66. Validation of the proposed equivalence formula indicates that the residual-velocity error between the prototype and equivalent model targets is less than 5%. These results provide a useful reference for the equivalent design of rock targets subjected to medium-velocity projectile penetration and offer a systematic methodology for substituting reinforced concrete for granite in related experimental and engineering applications.
Because of the difficulty in obtaining granite materials and the high cost of conducting penetration tests on granite targets, an equivalence study between reinforced concrete and granite targets was carried out. To establish the equivalence relationship between the two target types, dimensional analysis and a modified compensation method were adopted, with the projectile residual velocity taken as the equivalence criterion, and a computational method for determining equivalent thickness was derived. Based on existing experimental data, numerical models for medium-velocity projectile penetration into reinforced concrete and granite targets were developed and validated using the LS-DYNA software. By varying the projectile impact velocity and target thickness in the numerical simulations, the similarities in damage characteristics between reinforced concrete and granite targets were systematically investigated, and the corresponding failure regions were classified. On the basis of the simulation results, specific equivalent design formulas for granite and reinforced concrete targets were obtained through data fitting. The results show that the established numerical models can accurately predict the projectile residual velocity and reproduce the failure characteristics of both target types during penetration. Compared with reinforced concrete, granite exhibits a smaller compaction zone and tunnel diameter, finer and longer cracks with higher propagation velocities, larger surface crack areas, and a greater tendency to form large spallation craters. Under identical penetration conditions, granite targets and reinforced concrete targets of equivalent thickness display similar failure characteristics, and both can be divided into five distinct failure regions. Through dimensional analysis and compensation correction, a dimensionless residual-velocity function for projectile penetration into reinforced concrete and granite targets was derived, together with an equivalent thickness formula relating the two materials. The fitted equivalent thickness coefficient between granite and reinforced concrete was determined to be 1.699 66. Validation of the proposed equivalence formula indicates that the residual-velocity error between the prototype and equivalent model targets is less than 5%. These results provide a useful reference for the equivalent design of rock targets subjected to medium-velocity projectile penetration and offer a systematic methodology for substituting reinforced concrete for granite in related experimental and engineering applications.
2026,
46(10):
103302.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0129
Abstract:
To investigate the influence of trajectory angle and pitch angle on the deflection characteristics of a projectile penetrating into concrete thin targets, numerical simulation methods were validated by comparing parameters such as projectile velocity, attitude, and trajectory deflection with experimental data from multi-layered concrete thin-target penetration tests. This verification methodology ensured the accuracy and reliability of the numerical model for subsequent parametric studies.Based on this validation, the projectile was divided into six axial segments (the nose section comprising two segments and the body section divided into four segments) to systematically analyze the force distribution characteristics and overall motion behavior under both individual and combined effects of different trajectory angles (ranging from 5° to 30°) and pitch angles (ranging from −6° to 6°). The results show that the direction of the resultant force acting on the projectile body maintains stability across all tested impact conditions, demonstrating consistent patterns regardless of angle variations.While the reversal of the force direction on the projectile nose and the change in the deflection moment caused by the forward motion of the projectile body jointly contribute to the projectile's deflection. Under a positive trajectory angle, the trajectory exhibits an upward deflection. When a pitch angle is introduced, the deflection direction is dominated by the trajectory angle if the negative pitch angle is less than 2° and the trajectory angle exceeds 20°; otherwise, the pitch angle determines the deflection direction. When the trajectory angle and pitch angle are in the same direction, the projectile's attitude angle first decreases after exiting the target and then reverses to increase. When they are in opposite directions, a small pitch angle causes the attitude angle to continuously increase after exiting the target, while a larger trajectory angle induces three deflection reversals during penetration. If the pitch angle exceeds 2°, the attitude angle initially decreases after exiting the target before reversing to increase.
To investigate the influence of trajectory angle and pitch angle on the deflection characteristics of a projectile penetrating into concrete thin targets, numerical simulation methods were validated by comparing parameters such as projectile velocity, attitude, and trajectory deflection with experimental data from multi-layered concrete thin-target penetration tests. This verification methodology ensured the accuracy and reliability of the numerical model for subsequent parametric studies.Based on this validation, the projectile was divided into six axial segments (the nose section comprising two segments and the body section divided into four segments) to systematically analyze the force distribution characteristics and overall motion behavior under both individual and combined effects of different trajectory angles (ranging from 5° to 30°) and pitch angles (ranging from −6° to 6°). The results show that the direction of the resultant force acting on the projectile body maintains stability across all tested impact conditions, demonstrating consistent patterns regardless of angle variations.While the reversal of the force direction on the projectile nose and the change in the deflection moment caused by the forward motion of the projectile body jointly contribute to the projectile's deflection. Under a positive trajectory angle, the trajectory exhibits an upward deflection. When a pitch angle is introduced, the deflection direction is dominated by the trajectory angle if the negative pitch angle is less than 2° and the trajectory angle exceeds 20°; otherwise, the pitch angle determines the deflection direction. When the trajectory angle and pitch angle are in the same direction, the projectile's attitude angle first decreases after exiting the target and then reverses to increase. When they are in opposite directions, a small pitch angle causes the attitude angle to continuously increase after exiting the target, while a larger trajectory angle induces three deflection reversals during penetration. If the pitch angle exceeds 2°, the attitude angle initially decreases after exiting the target before reversing to increase.
2026,
46(10):
103401.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0386
Abstract:
To investigate the damage characteristics of concrete arch slabs subjected to underwater contact explosions, a series of underwater contact explosion tests was conducted on three concrete arch slabs. During the experiments, the spalled fragments generated by detonation were carefully collected and quantitatively analyzed using a mass-based partitioning statistical method, thereby enabling systematic characterization of the slabs’ fragmentation and spalling behavior. On this basis, a three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction numerical model was developed using the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method, which incorporates water, a concrete arch slab, and TNT. The reliability and effectiveness of the numerical model were validated by comparing the simulated macroscopic failure patterns and crack propagation paths with the experimental observations. Further analyses were conducted using the validated model to investigate the damage evolution process and the characteristics of stress wave propagation within the arch slabs under explosive loading, thereby systematically elucidating the damage mechanisms of concrete arch slabs subjected to underwater contact explosions. In addition, parametric studies were performed to examine the effects of explosive charge and span length on the damage characteristics of the arch slabs. The results indicate that, under underwater contact explosion, an annular damage zone composed of radial and circumferential cracks forms on the blast-facing surface of the arch slab. With increasing explosive charge, the number of spalled fragments increases, and their size becomes progressively finer. As the span length increases, the structure tends to generate larger fragments. When the TNT charge increases from 0.4 g to 1.6 g, the annular damage zone on the blast-facing surface expands from a localized region to the full width of the slab, and the failure mode transitions from localized damage to global failure. With increasing span length, the degree of damage at the arch ends decreases, while the damaged region near the mid-span expands. Compared with the slab with a span of 400 mm, the total energy dissipation of the slab with a span of 600 mm increases by 4.5%.
To investigate the damage characteristics of concrete arch slabs subjected to underwater contact explosions, a series of underwater contact explosion tests was conducted on three concrete arch slabs. During the experiments, the spalled fragments generated by detonation were carefully collected and quantitatively analyzed using a mass-based partitioning statistical method, thereby enabling systematic characterization of the slabs’ fragmentation and spalling behavior. On this basis, a three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction numerical model was developed using the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method, which incorporates water, a concrete arch slab, and TNT. The reliability and effectiveness of the numerical model were validated by comparing the simulated macroscopic failure patterns and crack propagation paths with the experimental observations. Further analyses were conducted using the validated model to investigate the damage evolution process and the characteristics of stress wave propagation within the arch slabs under explosive loading, thereby systematically elucidating the damage mechanisms of concrete arch slabs subjected to underwater contact explosions. In addition, parametric studies were performed to examine the effects of explosive charge and span length on the damage characteristics of the arch slabs. The results indicate that, under underwater contact explosion, an annular damage zone composed of radial and circumferential cracks forms on the blast-facing surface of the arch slab. With increasing explosive charge, the number of spalled fragments increases, and their size becomes progressively finer. As the span length increases, the structure tends to generate larger fragments. When the TNT charge increases from 0.4 g to 1.6 g, the annular damage zone on the blast-facing surface expands from a localized region to the full width of the slab, and the failure mode transitions from localized damage to global failure. With increasing span length, the degree of damage at the arch ends decreases, while the damaged region near the mid-span expands. Compared with the slab with a span of 400 mm, the total energy dissipation of the slab with a span of 600 mm increases by 4.5%.
2026,
46(10):
104101.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0095
Abstract:
The multi-point focused explosions of new low-yield earth-penetrating nuclear weapons pose a serious threat to deep underground engineering projects. Addressing the challenge that traditional single-point simulations struggle to replicate the cratering effects of such multi-point synergistic damage, and considering that current explosive testing, while efficient, faces significant limitations hindering normal operations, research innovatively designs and develops a vacuum chamber-based simulation test system for large-yield multi-point focused explosion cratering effects. The core innovation lies in applying similarity theory to convert prototype tests into simulated tests. The vacuum chamber simulation technology enables efficient and rapid simulation of large-yield multi-point explosion cratering effects, with low experimental costs and repeatable results. Based on vacuum chamber explosion simulation theory, the similarity laws governing large-yield multi-point focused explosion cratering were established, defining key parameters such as vacuum chamber pressure and multi-point simulated blast cavity pressure. Synchronization tests verified the simultaneity of multiple explosive sources. Referencing the underground nuclear test, we conducted vacuum chamber simulations for three-point sources under deep burial (4.3 kt, 85 m depth) and shallow burial (5 kt, 20 m depth) scenarios, comparing results with single-point explosion prototype data and empirical formulas. Through synchronization tests and three-point explosive source cratering tests, differences in cratering parameters under varying burial depths and yields were quantitatively analyzed. This revealed a significant advantage in damage range for multi-point sources compared to single-point sources when the total yield is identical. Key results indicate: A vacuum chamber simulation system is successfully developed, relying on a miniature explosive device based on the two-stage gas gun principle and the vacuum chamber. Synchronization tests confirmed good simultaneity among explosive sources using a common detonation control switch; Compared to single-point explosions, multi-point explosions significantly increased crater radius, volume, and free surface projection area, greatly expanding the damage zone; Explosive source burial depth significantly impacts the damage effect.
The multi-point focused explosions of new low-yield earth-penetrating nuclear weapons pose a serious threat to deep underground engineering projects. Addressing the challenge that traditional single-point simulations struggle to replicate the cratering effects of such multi-point synergistic damage, and considering that current explosive testing, while efficient, faces significant limitations hindering normal operations, research innovatively designs and develops a vacuum chamber-based simulation test system for large-yield multi-point focused explosion cratering effects. The core innovation lies in applying similarity theory to convert prototype tests into simulated tests. The vacuum chamber simulation technology enables efficient and rapid simulation of large-yield multi-point explosion cratering effects, with low experimental costs and repeatable results. Based on vacuum chamber explosion simulation theory, the similarity laws governing large-yield multi-point focused explosion cratering were established, defining key parameters such as vacuum chamber pressure and multi-point simulated blast cavity pressure. Synchronization tests verified the simultaneity of multiple explosive sources. Referencing the underground nuclear test, we conducted vacuum chamber simulations for three-point sources under deep burial (4.3 kt, 85 m depth) and shallow burial (5 kt, 20 m depth) scenarios, comparing results with single-point explosion prototype data and empirical formulas. Through synchronization tests and three-point explosive source cratering tests, differences in cratering parameters under varying burial depths and yields were quantitatively analyzed. This revealed a significant advantage in damage range for multi-point sources compared to single-point sources when the total yield is identical. Key results indicate: A vacuum chamber simulation system is successfully developed, relying on a miniature explosive device based on the two-stage gas gun principle and the vacuum chamber. Synchronization tests confirmed good simultaneity among explosive sources using a common detonation control switch; Compared to single-point explosions, multi-point explosions significantly increased crater radius, volume, and free surface projection area, greatly expanding the damage zone; Explosive source burial depth significantly impacts the damage effect.
2026,
46(10):
104102.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0138
Abstract:
To address the accidental explosion risks caused by sensitive primary explosives in industrial electronic detonators, as well as the safety and environmental issues associated with traditional no-primary detonators, a new intelligent flyer-type electronic detonator design was proposed to enhance the safety and environmental performance through flyer initiation technology. To achieve reliable initiation without sensitive primary explosives, a multi-dimensional approach combining experimental and numerical simulation methods is employed for the design and performance optimization of the new intelligent flyer-type electronic detonator. First, critical parameters for slapper initiation were determined through theoretical modeling of shock wave propagation and energy transfer. A finite element model of the flyer acceleration process was established to simulate the effects of different charge structures (e.g., confinement diameter, thickness) on flyer velocity, comprehensively considering material deformation, detonation wave interactions, and flyer fragmentation effects. Second, a high-speed camera (500 kHz) was used to synchronously record the detonation process, capturing the actual velocity, flight attitude, and deformation behavior of the flyer upon target impact. This data was used to validate the numerical model and optimize the structural design of the flyer generator. Third, the axial initiation capability was evaluated through standardized lead plate (5 mm thickness) penetration tests. The penetration depth and crater morphology were comparatively analyzed to quantify performance differences with traditional no-primary detonators. Fourth, an underwater explosion test system was utilized, with an array of pressure sensors measuring shock wave overpressure and bubble pulse energy to assess detonation stability and energy output efficiency. Fifth, donor/acceptor detonator arrays were set up at 10–50 mm intervals, and high-speed cameras were used to monitor sympathetic detonation phenomena, verifying compliance with the industrial safety standard of 40 mm minimum separation distance. Sixth, charge parameters were optimized through iterative testing: primary charge (400 mg, compaction density 1.56 g/cm3), secondary charge (200 mg, compaction density 1.41 g/cm3), tertiary charge (320 mg, loosely packed),the fourth charge layer was eliminated to simplify the production process while maintaining performance. This multi-scale methodology system provides systematic validation support for the reliability, safety, and environmental friendliness of the flyer initiation technology. The results were acquired as follows. Optimized main charge configuration (primary charge: 400 mg-1.56 g/cm3, secondary charge: 200 mg-1.41 g/cm3, tertiary charge: 320 mg-loosely packed) achieved stable detonation, achieve synergistic improvement of detonation performance and safety. When the slapper generator's necking diameter was 5.6−5.7 mm, the flyer velocity reached the reliable initiation threshold. Lead plate tests demonstrated superior axial initiation capability compared to traditional no-primary detonators. Underwater explosion tests confirmed stable detonation performance, with an air-gap sympathetic detonation distance larger than 30 mm, meeting the 40 mm safety requirement for production processes. The innovative elimination of the fourth charge simplified the production process while maintaining high safety and environmental friendliness. The technical bottlenecks of traditional no-primary detonators has been broken. The results show that the new intelligent flyer-type electronic detonator completely avoids the use of sensitive primary explosives through flyer initiation technology. It significantly outperforms traditional designs in initiation reliability, safety distance, and environmental performance, aligning with the industry's trend toward safer and greener detonators. This study provides an innovative solution for the field.
To address the accidental explosion risks caused by sensitive primary explosives in industrial electronic detonators, as well as the safety and environmental issues associated with traditional no-primary detonators, a new intelligent flyer-type electronic detonator design was proposed to enhance the safety and environmental performance through flyer initiation technology. To achieve reliable initiation without sensitive primary explosives, a multi-dimensional approach combining experimental and numerical simulation methods is employed for the design and performance optimization of the new intelligent flyer-type electronic detonator. First, critical parameters for slapper initiation were determined through theoretical modeling of shock wave propagation and energy transfer. A finite element model of the flyer acceleration process was established to simulate the effects of different charge structures (e.g., confinement diameter, thickness) on flyer velocity, comprehensively considering material deformation, detonation wave interactions, and flyer fragmentation effects. Second, a high-speed camera (500 kHz) was used to synchronously record the detonation process, capturing the actual velocity, flight attitude, and deformation behavior of the flyer upon target impact. This data was used to validate the numerical model and optimize the structural design of the flyer generator. Third, the axial initiation capability was evaluated through standardized lead plate (5 mm thickness) penetration tests. The penetration depth and crater morphology were comparatively analyzed to quantify performance differences with traditional no-primary detonators. Fourth, an underwater explosion test system was utilized, with an array of pressure sensors measuring shock wave overpressure and bubble pulse energy to assess detonation stability and energy output efficiency. Fifth, donor/acceptor detonator arrays were set up at 10–50 mm intervals, and high-speed cameras were used to monitor sympathetic detonation phenomena, verifying compliance with the industrial safety standard of 40 mm minimum separation distance. Sixth, charge parameters were optimized through iterative testing: primary charge (400 mg, compaction density 1.56 g/cm3), secondary charge (200 mg, compaction density 1.41 g/cm3), tertiary charge (320 mg, loosely packed),the fourth charge layer was eliminated to simplify the production process while maintaining performance. This multi-scale methodology system provides systematic validation support for the reliability, safety, and environmental friendliness of the flyer initiation technology. The results were acquired as follows. Optimized main charge configuration (primary charge: 400 mg-1.56 g/cm3, secondary charge: 200 mg-1.41 g/cm3, tertiary charge: 320 mg-loosely packed) achieved stable detonation, achieve synergistic improvement of detonation performance and safety. When the slapper generator's necking diameter was 5.6−5.7 mm, the flyer velocity reached the reliable initiation threshold. Lead plate tests demonstrated superior axial initiation capability compared to traditional no-primary detonators. Underwater explosion tests confirmed stable detonation performance, with an air-gap sympathetic detonation distance larger than 30 mm, meeting the 40 mm safety requirement for production processes. The innovative elimination of the fourth charge simplified the production process while maintaining high safety and environmental friendliness. The technical bottlenecks of traditional no-primary detonators has been broken. The results show that the new intelligent flyer-type electronic detonator completely avoids the use of sensitive primary explosives through flyer initiation technology. It significantly outperforms traditional designs in initiation reliability, safety distance, and environmental performance, aligning with the industry's trend toward safer and greener detonators. This study provides an innovative solution for the field.
2026,
46(10):
105101.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0071
Abstract:
In order to study the anti-explosion performance of a single-room reinforced concrete building under internal explosion loads, a full-scale reinforced concrete single-room building, whose dimensions were 4m×4m×3m, was designed and constructed. For the internal explosion test, 3 kg TNT was placed in the geometric center of the room. Sensors were installed at the center of the shear wall and roof to record data and analyze the damage characteristics of the single-room structure. In addition, an anti-explosion numerical model of the reinforced concrete single-room structure was established and verified using the LS-DYNA software. The weight of the explosives in the numerical model was changed to study the damage process and shock wave propagation law of the single-room building. Based on the experimental and simulation results, the damage modes of the single room structure were categorized by the dimensionless weighted parameter Dr, and relevant empirical formulas were obtained through data fitting. The results show that when 3 kg TNT explodes in the geometric center of the room structure, the single-room structure exhibits roof bulging, with long cracks appearing along the roof edges. However, the whole structure does not collapse; Under the internal explosion condition, the local damage characteristics of reinforced concrete buildings are not only closely related to the explosive yield, but also significantly affected by the design of structural connection nodes and structural details; Due to the delayed dynamic response of reinforced concrete, the next shock wave has acted on the building before the last shock wave has reacted obviously, which subjects it to multiple impacts within a very short time; By varying the charge weight, five damage-aggravating modes (Model Ⅰ to Model Ⅴ) were identified. The five damage modes were quantitatively defined using the weighted parameter Dr, and a function curve relating it to the explosive equivalent was fitted.
In order to study the anti-explosion performance of a single-room reinforced concrete building under internal explosion loads, a full-scale reinforced concrete single-room building, whose dimensions were 4m×4m×3m, was designed and constructed. For the internal explosion test, 3 kg TNT was placed in the geometric center of the room. Sensors were installed at the center of the shear wall and roof to record data and analyze the damage characteristics of the single-room structure. In addition, an anti-explosion numerical model of the reinforced concrete single-room structure was established and verified using the LS-DYNA software. The weight of the explosives in the numerical model was changed to study the damage process and shock wave propagation law of the single-room building. Based on the experimental and simulation results, the damage modes of the single room structure were categorized by the dimensionless weighted parameter Dr, and relevant empirical formulas were obtained through data fitting. The results show that when 3 kg TNT explodes in the geometric center of the room structure, the single-room structure exhibits roof bulging, with long cracks appearing along the roof edges. However, the whole structure does not collapse; Under the internal explosion condition, the local damage characteristics of reinforced concrete buildings are not only closely related to the explosive yield, but also significantly affected by the design of structural connection nodes and structural details; Due to the delayed dynamic response of reinforced concrete, the next shock wave has acted on the building before the last shock wave has reacted obviously, which subjects it to multiple impacts within a very short time; By varying the charge weight, five damage-aggravating modes (Model Ⅰ to Model Ⅴ) were identified. The five damage modes were quantitatively defined using the weighted parameter Dr, and a function curve relating it to the explosive equivalent was fitted.
2026,
46(10):
105901.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0384
Abstract:
Following an explosion accident, a public safety explosion accident analysis method based on open-source information fusion was proposed to quickly and accurately assess the scope and severity of the accident's impact and to formulate a scientific and reasonable emergency response strategy. Furthermore, regarding the May 27 chemical plant explosion accident in Gaomi, Shandong, a logical chain for accident analysis was rapidly constructed. Specifically, open-source information was used to obtain critical details such as the explosion generation, the shock waves propagation, and structural damage to buildings in both the plant area and far field. Based on criteria for structural damage and the laws of shockwave propagation, the explosion source location and TNT equivalent were reverse-calculated, and the cause of the accident was analyzed. Numerical simulations provided key evidence for improving safety protection in industrial plants. The results indicate that the explosion source was located at the No.1 nitration device, with a TNT equivalent of approximately12000 kg TNT, consistent with the conclusion based on field investigation, thereby verifying the effectiveness and accuracy of this method. The main causes of the accident were identified as the company's actual production load exceeding design standards, prolonged operation of equipment under full load conditions, and long-term neglect of the safety interlock system. The production plant should strengthen the blast-resistant protection measures for buildings from four aspects: control the stockpile of explosive hazardous materials, general layout zoning and isolation, safety control against sympathetic detonation, and peripheral protection for key explosion-prone installations, so as to improve the structural blast resistance, reduce casualties and equipment damage, and narrow the damage scope. The proposal of this method provides a novel approach to the existing accident investigation system, effectively enriches investigation techniques, overcomes the limitations of traditional analytical methods, and demonstrates the necessity for continued research and practical value.
Following an explosion accident, a public safety explosion accident analysis method based on open-source information fusion was proposed to quickly and accurately assess the scope and severity of the accident's impact and to formulate a scientific and reasonable emergency response strategy. Furthermore, regarding the May 27 chemical plant explosion accident in Gaomi, Shandong, a logical chain for accident analysis was rapidly constructed. Specifically, open-source information was used to obtain critical details such as the explosion generation, the shock waves propagation, and structural damage to buildings in both the plant area and far field. Based on criteria for structural damage and the laws of shockwave propagation, the explosion source location and TNT equivalent were reverse-calculated, and the cause of the accident was analyzed. Numerical simulations provided key evidence for improving safety protection in industrial plants. The results indicate that the explosion source was located at the No.1 nitration device, with a TNT equivalent of approximately
