Effect of surface roughness of lithium-ion battery electrodes on short-circuit triggering behaviors

JIA Yikai; LIU Zijing; HUANG Qingdan; WANG Lubing

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2024-0339

Volume 45 Issue 2

Feb. 2025

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Explosion And Shock Waves > 2025 > 45(2): 021412

JIA Yikai, LIU Zijing, HUANG Qingdan, WANG Lubing. Effect of surface roughness of lithium-ion battery electrodes on short-circuit triggering behaviors[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2025, 45(2): 021412. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0339

Citation:

JIA Yikai, LIU Zijing, HUANG Qingdan, WANG Lubing. Effect of surface roughness of lithium-ion battery electrodes on short-circuit triggering behaviors[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2025, 45(2): 021412. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0339

Citation:

PDF( 2728 KB)

Effect of surface roughness of lithium-ion battery electrodes on short-circuit triggering behaviors

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0339

JIA Yikai^{1, 2
,},
LIU Zijing^{1, 2},
HUANG Qingdan^{1, 2},
WANG Lubing^{3, 4}

1.
School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi, China
2.
Key Laboratory on the Impact Protection and Safety Assessment of Civil Aviation Vehicle, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Suzhou 215400, Jiangsu, China
3.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
4.
Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China

Received Date: 2024-09-13
Rev Recd Date: 2024-11-05

Available Online: 2024-11-07

Publish Date: 2025-02-01

Abstract

Abstract

The deformation and failure of the internal separator in a lithium-ion battery under external impacts is one of the crucial factors in triggering internal short circuits. The surfaces of battery electrodes are usually not smooth, which tends to cause stress concentration on the separator, affecting the mechanical stability of the battery. Therefore, based on numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, this study conducted an in-depth exploration of the mechanical behavior of the battery separator under the condition of being compressed on a non-smooth surface and its short-circuit safety boundaries. A representative unit cell, including a section of the separator with a width of 50 μm and the nearby cathode and anode coating areas, was selected for two-dimensional finite element modeling and numerical calculation. The study compares three forms of the surface morphology: (1) ideal plane; (2) densely packed granular surface; (3) single granular protrusion plane, to understand the effects of particle size, separator thickness, and loading rate. By analyzing the equivalent stress-strain curves of the separator, it was found that the separator under compression on a non-smooth surface exhibited a softening phenomenon compared with that under ideal flat surface compression. For the ideal plane case, the strain distribution is very uniform, so the load-bearing capacity of the battery is larger. However, for the cases of densely packed granular and single granular protrusion, under the same loading displacement, the loaded area is small, and the generated reaction force is also small. As the loading process proceeded, the gaps were gradually filled, the loaded area increased, and gradually tended to be loaded on the entire surface, and the load difference gradually decreased. Through the parametric analysis of the failure stress of the separator, it was discovered that with the increase in particle diameter, the decrease in separator thickness, or the increase in loading rate within a certain range, the separator exhibited softening behaviors such as a decrease in average stress and a backward shift of the yield point, and the short-circuit failure stress also decreased accordingly. Furthermore, by establishing an equivalent compressive constitutive model of the separator under compression on a non-smooth surface, the influence of roughness on the failure stress was theoretically explained, and the quantitative relationship between the two was deduced.
- lithium-ion battery,
- collision safety,
- battery separator,
- internal short-circuit

FullText(HTML)

References(35)

References

[1]	CHEN Y Q, KANG Y Q, ZHAO Y, et al. A review of lithium-ion battery safety concerns: the issues, strategies, and testing standards [J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2021, 59: 83–99. DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.10.017.
[2]	陈文博, 颜健, 孟凌杰, 等. 电动汽车动力锂电池火灾危险性的研究进展 [J]. 电源技术, 2021, 45(2): 270–273. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2021.02.030. CHEN W B, YAN J, MENG L J, et al. Analysis of current situation of fire hazard of power lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles [J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 45(2): 270–273. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2021.02.030.
[3]	LIU B H, JIA Y K, YUAN C H, et al. Safety issues and mechanisms of lithium-ion battery cell upon mechanical abusive loading: a review [J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2020, 24: 85–112. DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.06.036.
[4]	XIA Y, WIERZBICKI T, SAHRAEI E, et al. Damage of cells and battery packs due to ground impact [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 267: 78–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.078.
[5]	GREVE L, FEHRENBACH C. Mechanical testing and macro-mechanical finite element simulation of the deformation, fracture, and short circuit initiation of cylindrical lithium ion battery cells [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 214: 377–385. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.055.
[6]	SAHRAEI E, MEIER J, WIERZBICKI T. Characterizing and modeling mechanical properties and onset of short circuit for three types of lithium-ion pouch cells [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 247: 503–516. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.08.056.
[7]	AVDEEV I, GILAKI M. Structural analysis and experimental characterization of cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells subject to lateral impact [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 271: 382–391. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.014.
[8]	ZHU X Q, WANG H, WANG X, et al. Internal short circuit and failure mechanisms of lithium-ion pouch cells under mechanical indentation abuse conditions: an experimental study [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 455: 227939. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227939.
[9]	ZHANG X W, SAHRAEI E, WANG K. Li-ion battery separators, mechanical integrity and failure mechanisms leading to soft and hard internal shorts [J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 32578. DOI: 10.1038/srep32578.
[10]	WIERZBICKI T, SAHRAEI E. Homogenized mechanical properties for the jellyroll of cylindrical lithium-ion cells [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 241: 467–476. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.135.
[11]	XU J, LIU B H, WANG X Y, et al. Computational model of 18650 lithium-ion battery with coupled strain rate and SOC dependencies [J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 172: 180–189. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.108.
[12]	WANG L B, YIN S, XU J. A detailed computational model for cylindrical lithium-ion batteries under mechanical loading: From cell deformation to short-circuit onset [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 413: 284–292. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.12.059.
[13]	SAHRAEI E, HILL R, WIERZBICKI T. Calibration and finite element simulation of pouch lithium-ion batteries for mechanical integrity [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 201: 307–321. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.10.094.
[14]	XU J, LIU B H, WANG L B, et al. Dynamic mechanical integrity of cylindrical lithium-ion battery cell upon crushing [J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2015, 53: 97–110. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.03.025.
[15]	YUAN C H, WANG L B, YIN S, et al. Generalized separator failure criteria for internal short circuit of lithium-ion battery [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 467: 228360. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228360.
[16]	FRANCIS C F J, KYRATZIS I L, BEST A S. Lithium-ion battery separators for ionic-liquid electrolytes: A review [J]. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(18): 1904205. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904205.
[17]	LAGADEC M F, ZAHN R, WOOD V. Characterization and performance evaluation of lithium-ion battery separators [J]. Nature Energy, 2019, 4(1): 16–25. DOI: 10.1038/s41560-018-0295-9.
[18]	ZHAO W, LUO G, WANG C Y. Modeling internal shorting process in large-format Li-ion cells [J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2015, 162(7): A1352–A1364. DOI: 10.1149/2.1031507jes.
[19]	WANG M, LE A V, NOELLE D J, et al. Internal-short-mitigating current collector for lithium-ion battery [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 349: 84–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.03.004.
[20]	WU Q, YANG L, LI N, et al. In-situ thermography revealing the evolution of internal short circuit of lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2022, 540: 231602. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231602.
[21]	KIM J, MALLARAPU A, SANTHANAGOPALAN S. Transport processes in a Li-ion cell during an internal short-circuit [J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2020, 167(9): 090554. DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ab995d.
[22]	ZHANG M X, LIU L S, STEFANOPOULOU A, et al. Fusing phenomenon of lithium-ion battery internal short circuit [J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2017, 164(12): A2738–A2745. DOI: 10.1149/2.1721712jes.
[23]	WANG Q S, PING P, ZHAO X J, et al. Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 208: 210–224. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.02.038.
[24]	FENG X N, FANG M, HE X M, et al. Thermal runaway features of large format prismatic lithium ion battery using extended volume accelerating rate calorimetry [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 255: 294–301. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.005.
[25]	LUO Y G, FENG G X, WAN S, et al. Charging scheduling strategy for different electric vehicles with optimization for convenience of drivers, performance of transport system and distribution network [J]. Energy, 2020, 194: 116807. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.116807.
[26]	COMAN P T, RAYMAN S, WHITE R E. A lumped model of venting during thermal runaway in a cylindrical Lithium Cobalt Oxide lithium-ion cell [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 307: 56–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.12.088.
[27]	LEE C, SAID A O, STOLIAROV S I. Impact of state of charge and cell arrangement on thermal runaway propagation in lithium ion battery cell arrays [J]. Transportation Research Record, 2019, 2673(8): 408–417. DOI: 10.1177/0361198119845654.
[28]	LI H G, ZHOU D, ZHANG M H, et al. Multi-field interpretation of internal short circuit and thermal runaway behavior for lithium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse [J]. Energy, 2023, 263: 126027. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.126027.
[29]	LIU B H, DUAN X D, YUAN C H, et al. Quantifying and modeling of stress-driven short-circuits in lithium-ion batteries in electrified vehicles [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2021, 9(11): 7102–7113. DOI: 10.1039/d0ta12082k.
[30]	WANG L B, JIA Y K, XU J. Mechanistic understanding of the electrochemo-dependent mechanical behaviors of battery anodes [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 510: 230428. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230428.
[31]	HWANG I, LEE C W, KIM J C, et al. Particle size effect of Ni-rich cathode materials on lithium ion battery performance [J]. Materials Research Bulletin, 2012, 47(1): 73–78. DOI: 10.1016/J.MATERRESBULL.2011.10.002.
[32]	LIU J H, CHEN H Y, XIE J N, et al. Electrochemical performance studies of Li-rich cathode materials with different primary particle sizes [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 251: 208–214. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.055.
[33]	SCHREINER D, LINDENBLATT J, DAUB R, et al. Simulation of the calendering process of NMC-622 cathodes for lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Technology, 2023, 11(5): 2200442. DOI: 10.1002/ente.202200442.
[34]	DUAN X D, WANG H C, JIA Y K, et al. A multiphysics understanding of internal short circuit mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries upon mechanical stress abuse [J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2022, 45: 667–679. DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.12.018.
[35]	KALNAUS S, WANG Y L, LI J L, et al. Temperature and strain rate dependent behavior of polymer separator for Li-ion batteries [J]. Extreme Mechanics Letters, 2018, 20: 73–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2018.01.006.